1. Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase
Chapter 10
Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase
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Classical Greece, B.C.E.
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3. Early Development of Greek Society
Minoan society-the first European Civilization
Named after King Minos of ancient Crete
Island of Crete
Major city: Knossos
Ca B.C.E., center of maritime trade
Scholars unable to decipher Linear A script
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Bull-Leaper
What does this say about Minoan civilization?
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5. Diptych and Filofax…Then and now??
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Minoan fresco art
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8. Possible Linear A code cracked?
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9. Decline of Minoan Society
Series of natural disasters after 1700 B.C.E.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves
Foreign invasions
Crete falls under foreign domination
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Mycenaean Society
Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus, ca B.C.E.
Influenced by Minoan culture
Major settlement: Mycenae
Military expansion throughout region
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11. Chaos in the Eastern Mediterranean
Trojan war, ca B.C.E.
Homer’s Iliad
Sequel: Odyssey
Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 B.C.E
Linear B
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The Polis
City-state
Urban center, dominating surrounding rural areas
Highly independent character
Monarchies, Oligarchs (local nobles)
“Tyrannies,” (“masters”) not necessarily oppressive-
they gained power through irregular means (generals, politicians)
Early democracies
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Sparta
Highly militarized society
Subjugated peoples: helots
Serfs, tied to land
Outnumbered Spartans 10:1 by sixth century B.C.E.
Military society developed to control threat of rebellion
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Spartan Society
Austerity the norm
Boys removed from families at age seven
Received military training in barracks
Active military service follows
Marriage, but no home life until age 30
Some relaxation of discipline by fourth century C.E.
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Athens
Development of early democracy
Free adult males only
Women, slaves excluded
Yet contrast Athenian style of government with Spartan militarism
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Athenian Society
Maritime trade brings increasing prosperity beginning seventh century B.C.E.
Aristocrats dominate smaller landholders
Increasing socio-economic tensions
Class conflict
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18. Solon and Athenian Democracy
Aristocrat Solon mediates crisis
Aristocrats to keep large landholdings
But forgive debts, ban debt slavery
Removed family restrictions against participating in public life
Instituted paid civil service
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Pericles
Ruled B.C.E.
High point of Athenian democracy
Aristocratic but popular
Massive public works
Encouraged cultural development
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Greek Colonization
Population expansion drives colonization
Coastal Mediterranean, Black Sea
Sicily (Naples: “Neapolis,” new city)
Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles)
Anatolia
Southern Ukraine
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21. Classical Greece and the Mediterranean Basin, 800-500 B.C.E.
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22. Effects of Greek Colonization
Trade throughout region
Communication of ideas
Language, culture
Political and social effects
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Persian Wars ( B.C.E.)
Revolt against Persian empire, 500 B.C.E., in Ionia
Athens supports with ships
Yet Greek rebellion crushed by Darius 493 B.C.E.; Athenians rout Persian army in 490 B.C.E.
Successor Xerxes burns Athens, but driven out as well
Herodotus-”father of history”,offered conflicting accounts so that a reader could decide which to believe
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He wrote:
“No one is so foolish as to prefer war to peace: in peace children bury their fathers, while in war fathers bury their children.”
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The Delian League
Poleis create Delian League to forestall more Persian attacks
Led by Athens
Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean expansion
Resented by other poleis
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The Peloponnesian War
Civil war in Greece, B.C.E.
Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta
Athens forced to surrender
But conflict continued between Sparta and other poleis
Thucydides-wrote about war striving for objectivity, and in this way pioneered the historical method used by historians today
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Kingdom of Macedon
Frontier region to north of Peloponnesus
King Philip II (r B.C.E.) builds massive military
350 B.C.E., encroaches on Greek poleis to the south; controls region by 338 B.C.E.
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Alexander of Macedon
“Alexander the Great,” son of Philip II
Rapid expansion throughout Mediterranean basin
Invasion of Persia successful
Turned back in India when exhausted troops mutinied
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31. Alexander’s Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E.
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32. The Hellenistic Empires
After Alexander’s death, competition for empire
Divided by generals
Antigonus: Greece and Macedon
Ptolemy: Egypt-Satrap?? Cleopatra??
Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid empire
Economic integration, intellectual cross-fertilization
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The Antigonid Empire
Smallest of Hellenistic empires
Local dissent with Greek city states and Antigonid leaders
City states recognized their rule in exchange for tax relief
Issue of land distribution
Heavy colonizing activity to Seleucid Empire
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The Ptolemaic Empire
Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires
Established state monopolies
Textiles
Salt
Beer
Capital: Alexandria (did not interfere in Egyptian society)
Important port city
Major museum, library
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The Seleucid Empire
Massive colonization of Greeks-influence reached its greatest realm
Export of Greek culture, values as far east as India
Bactria
Ashoka legislates in Greek and Aramaic
Sycretism, language, fashion, gods, art, architecture
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36. Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean Basin
Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and grapes
Colonies further trade
Commerce rather than agriculture as basis of much of economy
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37. Panhellenic Festivals
Useful for integrating far-flung colonies
Olympic Games begin 776 B.C.E.
Sense of collective identity
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Nemea was located about 11.6 mi. [18.6 km.] southwest of Corinth. Here, one of the four Panhellenic festivals was held every two years - during July or August. The other locations of these festivals were Delphi, Isthmia, and Olympia. The well–preserved stadium was built in the late fourth century B.C. and could hold about 40,000 spectators. Contests were held in the nude and women were forbidden to enter the stadium. The games were held in this stadium until 271 B.C. when the games were moved to other cities in the vicinity.
Athletic contests included foot races, boxing, wrestling, the pankration (a free fight in which only biting and gouging were forbidden), and the pentathlon (sprint, javelin, discus, long jump, and wrestling). The winners of the various events received a wreath composed of celery leaves
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Patriarchal Society
Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutes
Limited exposure in public sphere
Sparta partial exception
Sappho
Role of infanticide in Greek society and culture
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Slavery
Scythians (Ukraine)
Nubians (Africa)
Chattel-definition?
Sometimes used in business
Opportunity to buy freedom
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The Greek Language
Borrowed Phoenician alphabet approx 800BCE
Added vowels
Complex language particularly written form
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42. Science and Mathematics
Use of observable evidence, rational thought
(rejected myths)
Thales predicts eclipse, 28 May 585 B.C.E.
Democritus, matter composed of invisible particles (atoms)
Pythagoras, systematic approach to mathematics
Hippocrates, human anatomy and physiology
**incredible global connection**
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Hippocratic oath-Greek medical text, swearing on gods to used ethical medicine.
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Socrates ( B.C.E.)
The Socratic method
Student: Plato
Public gadfly, condemned on charges of immorality
Forced to drink hemlock
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Plato ( B.C.E.)
Systematized Socratic thought
Republic-sketched the ideal state of the world reflecting Plato’s philosophy
Philosopher kings would rule the less intelligent
Theory of Forms or Ideas-the secrets of the world were only available to those who applied their rational faculties to the pursuit of wisdom
Allegory of the cave
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Prisoners are like us
Released prisoners looks at sun (reality) for the first time and it hurts
He sees the truth and feel sorry for the cave dwellers
Allegory about education??
Function vs. Desire
(not ability but desire will determine success, this separates students)
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Aristotle ( B.C.E.)
Student of Plato
Broke with theory of Forms or Ideas
Emphasis on empirical findings, reason
Massive impact on western thought
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Who said this?
People are like dirt. They can either nourish you and help you grow as a person or they can stunt your growth and make you wilt and die.
Democracy... is a charming form of government, full of variety and disorder; and dispensing a sort of equality to equals and unequals alike
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Plato
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Who said this?
I know that I am intelligent, because I know that I know nothing…
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing
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Socrates
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Who said this?
The physician heals, Nature makes well
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Aristotle
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Greek Theology
Polytheism
Zeus principal god
Religious cults
Eleusinian mysteries
The Bacchae
Rituals eventually domesticated
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Tragic Drama
Evolution from public presentations of cultic rituals
Major playwrights (fifth century B.C.E.)
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripides
Comedy: Aristophanes
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56. Hellenistic Philosophies
Epicureans
Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists
Skeptics
Doubted possibility of certainty in anything
Stoics
Duty, virtue
Emphasis on inner peace
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