1. The Development Gap

2. 1. What do these terms mean. 2. Can you give an example country. 3
1.What do these terms mean? 2. Can you give an example country? 3.And put them in order: Least – Most Developed
MEDC
LEDC
NIC
LDC

3. What are the differences in development around the world
What are the differences in development around the world? How can this be classified?

4. This is the Brandt Line. Created in the 1980s
This is the Brandt Line. Created in the 1980s. Is it still relevant today?

5. Development Indicators – These Measure Development
The % of the adult population who can read and write.
The volume, value and type of imports and exports
The age you can expect to live to.
The number of births per year per 1,000 people.
The number of infants who die before their first birthday, per 1,000 births.
Literacy rate, GDP and educational potential in a country
Number of patients divided by the number of doctors
A measure of the amount of money a country makes from selling its products and services, divided by the total population and usually given in $US. (So the average wage per person per year)
The difference between birth and death rate
The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.
Birth rate
Death rate
Population growth rate
Life expectancy
Adult literacy
Infant mortality
7. GDP per capita
8. Trade
9. People per doctor
10. HDI
Key
Higher number in an MEDC =
Lower Number in an MEDC =

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9. Are there links between Development Indicators?

10. Standard of Living:
Measures economic well being
Can be measured – we can add up the value of our possessions or jobs
Quality of Life:
Harder the measure. Includes economic, social, political, physical and spiritual well being.
Based on our personal beliefs
Measured using: PQLI (Physical Quality of Life Index)

11. Quality of Life: High or Low?
Standard of Living: High or Low?

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13. Why are some countries more developed than others
Why are some countries more developed than others? Clue: Physical, Political and Economic Reasons

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15. Can you decide which are Social, Environmental, Political, Economic and Physical Factors?
1. Climatic related diseases reduce development
2. Recovering from Civil Wars
3. Low life expectancy
4. Water Quality (Clean Water) and Supply
5. The Country is land locked
6. Deforestation (cutting down trees)
7. Some countries are cold, others hot which reduces economic productivity
11. Lack of foreign investment (companies deciding to manufacture in Africa, for example)
10. Education: how educated people are
8. The health of the countries workforce
9. Government spends money on war

17. Case Study: Hurricane Ivan (How environmental factors affect development)
Island of Grenada 7th Sept 2004
200kmph winds. Category 4
Primary Effects:
Trees uprooted
Roads blocked
37 died
90% houses destroyed or damaged
½ people homeless
Schools damaged
Water, power and telecoms disrupted

18. Secondary Effects (affecting longer term development):
Agriculture (farming), tourism and infrastructure (roads, hospitals) damaged
10 years is not long enough for poor countries to recover
LEDCs have a low tax base (the people that live in a country pay little to the government, opposite to the UK, meaning less money is spent on healthcare and roads etc)
LEDC inhabitants also don't have insurance. In the UK companies provide insurance so if something happens money is paid to someone so they can repair the damage. This doesn't happen in LEDCs

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20. How can we reduce Global Inequalities?
1. Loans and Aid
What they are:
Loan: giving money that has to be paid back in the future (a donor country gives it and a recipient country gets the aid)
Aid: Is given in money or physical form and not expected to be given back. A gift.

21. Types of International Aid
Official Government Aid
Bilateral – from one country to another, normally with ties!
Multilateral - provided by many countries and sorted out by the UN
Voluntary Aid
C) Short term emergency aid – relief from EQs etc
D) Long term development aid – Goat Aid, low cost, easy to maintain. Helps the longer development of an area.
What are the main problems of aid?

22. Positives for RECIPIANT country Positives for DONOR country
NEGATIVES for RECIPIANT
country
Negatives for DONOR
country

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25. How can we reduce Global Inequalities?
2. Debt relief and abolition
What they are:
Debt Relief: reducing the amount of debt an LEDC (typically) has
Debt Abolition: Means writing the debt off completely. Forgetting about it.

26. How can we reduce Global Inequalities?
3. Loan Solutions
What it is:
Non profit groups lending money to individual people in a country. Allowing them to control their future, using technology they have the skills to use.

27. How can we reduce Global Inequalities?
4. Conservation Swaps
What it is:
debts are written off if the LEDC undergoes conservation swaps to protect an area of land that is in danger of being lost.
Bolivia saved a large amount of its rainforest in return $650,000 of its national debt was written off

28. How can we reduce Global Inequalities?
5. Fair Trade
What it is:
people in LEDCs receive a guaranteed price for their crop.
This gives them a living wage, skills and long-term business contracts.

29. Case Study: A Development Project
Goat Aid Or Computer Aid
Could also use Kuritiba, Kenya or Rochina, Brazil

30. Goat Aid - Locations
Uganda
Burkina Faso
Kenya
Tanzania
Mozambique

31. Goat Aid
Positive: Appropriate Technology – a goat is a hardy animal and easy to look after. It is “bottom-up” development – helping local people to help themselves.
Negative: Overgrazing is possible causing desertification (land turning to desert from plants being eaten/removed), soil erosion as a result PLUS it keeps people in the primary sector (working off the land), more money is made in the secondary (making) and tertiary (service) industry.

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33. CASE STUDY: Two EU countries at Different stages of Development
Bulgaria Vs. Ireland

34. Ireland
Bulgaria
Population (2008)
4.4 mill
7.6 mill
HDI
0.959
0.824
Life Expectancy
78.4 years
72.7 years
GDP Per Capita
(Average Wage)
$38,505
$9,032
Been in the EU a long time (since 1973). Hence higher GDP. More established. But was once poor.
Lost 300,000 from the population since People searched for better opportunities
10% economic growth since Which is a large amount. Known as the “Celtic Tiger” as a result.
Younger member of EU (2007). Used to be a communist country. The communist block of countries broke up in the 1990s (dominated by Russia) and this caused a reduction in 40% of the Standard of Living.
The amount of money and power Ireland makes and has means it is part of the “Economic Core”.
On the economic “periphery”. This means its on the “Outside” of the EU. A poorer relation. However, projects and funding are improving the country.

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36. How is the gap reduced within the EU?
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
What it is:
Subsides are given to UK farmers. This is money given from the government.
They aim to:
Guarantee enough production to feed the EU population
Make sure farmers in the UK have a fair standard of living
Ensuring consumers have products at reasonable prices. Otherwise if there is a shortage food prices go up.

37. How is the gap reduced within the EU?
2. Urban II fund
What it is:
money is put into deprived areas of inner cities to regenerate areas.
This is done by:
Improving living conditions (rebuilding housing)
Developing more eco friendly transport (bike routes etc.)
More use of renewable energy
Using up to date ICT systems to improve skills and therefore job prospects
Integrating social groups into society via education for example.

38. How is the gap reduced within the EU?
3. EU investment Bank
What it is:
EU countries put money into the bank and this is used for projects in poorer areas of the EU.
2004 – 163 billion Euros

39. How is the gap reduced within the EU?
4. Structural Funds
What it is:
Money is put into areas that are poorest in the EU. (less than 75% of the average EU GDP per capita)
Improves infrastructure mainly which has knock on effects.
They aim to:
Takes up most of the EU spending along with CAP
Improves transport, roads etc. in poorer EU countries
2007 – 2013 spending = 350 billion euros.

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