1. Date of download: 1/11/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Indenter Size on Elastic Modulus of Cartilage Measured by Indentation
J Biomech Eng. 2007;129(5): doi: /
Figure Legend:
SEM image of 15μm diameter flat-end diamond conical tip with 60deg included angle. The tip is diamond attached to stainless steel mount (not shown).

2. Date of download: 1/11/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Indenter Size on Elastic Modulus of Cartilage Measured by Indentation
J Biomech Eng. 2007;129(5): doi: /
Figure Legend:
SEM image of 310μm diameter flat-end conical tip with 60deg included angle. The tip is stainless steel. Stainless steel tips generally had more geometrical imperfections than diamond tips.

3. Date of download: 1/11/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Indenter Size on Elastic Modulus of Cartilage Measured by Indentation
J Biomech Eng. 2007;129(5): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Schematic of indentation of an elastic layer by a flat-ended cone of included angle α

4. Date of download: 1/11/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Indenter Size on Elastic Modulus of Cartilage Measured by Indentation
J Biomech Eng. 2007;129(5): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Urethane indentation results for flat-ended conical tips with end diameters of 90–310μm. Measurements (solid line, using Nano XP) show an initial toe region, followed by a linear region (displacement<tipradius) where the flat-ended conical tip behaves like a cylindrical tip; the effects of the conical sides can be seen for the 90μm tip for larger displacements. The fit values (symbols, dashed curve) were obtained from Eq. or using the offset h0 that minimizes the least squares error (Eq. ) and the corresponding modulus E (Eq. ).

5. Date of download: 1/11/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Indenter Size on Elastic Modulus of Cartilage Measured by Indentation
J Biomech Eng. 2007;129(5): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Equilibrium indent force versus tip displacement for bovine patellar cartilage obtained using 60deg conical tip with flat-end diameter of 190μm (Sample B). Fit values (open symbol, dashed curve) with offset h0=95μm show good comparison with measurements (filled rectangle, solid curve).

6. Date of download: 1/11/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Indenter Size on Elastic Modulus of Cartilage Measured by Indentation
J Biomech Eng. 2007;129(5): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Equilibrium elastic modulus measured with tips ranging from 5μmto4mm for urethane and bovine patella cartilage (Experiment 1, samples A–C; Experiment 2, samples D–G). Young’s modulus of urethane (triangles, filled-ELF 3100, open-Nano XP) is scattered within 8% of the mean value (4.41MPa) but not monotonically dependent on tip size. Equilibrium elastic modulus of bovine patella cartilage increases as tip size decreases (Experiment 1, rectangles, filled-ELF 3100, open-Nano XP; Experiment 2, open diamonds and circles, NanoXP). Error bars are ±s.d.

7. Date of download: 1/11/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Effect of Indenter Size on Elastic Modulus of Cartilage Measured by Indentation
J Biomech Eng. 2007;129(5): doi: /
Figure Legend:
The factor κfec for the 190–650μm tips (flat-ended conical with cone angle=60deg) indenting urethane (thickness t=2mm, ν=0.5). For h∕b=0, κfec=κcyl.