1. Carbon is the Main Ingredient of Organic Molecules
MACROMOLECULES
Carbon is the Main Ingredient of Organic Molecules

2. Organic Molecules It is a carbon based molecule.
Examples: Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids and Nucleic Acids.

3. Inorganic Molecules These are non-carbon based compounds.
Examples: Water and Hydrogen Peroxide

4. Hydrocarbons
These are organic molecules that are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Examples: Methane and Butane

5. Functional Group

6. Monomers

7. Polymers

8. Building and Breaking Polymers
Dehydration Synthesis (Building): Involves removing water from the two molecules being joined.
Hydrolysis (Breaking): Involves adding water to the molecules so they separate.

9. Concept 5.2
Carbohydrates Provide Fuel and Building Material

10. Carbohydrate: Energy Molecules
These are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a ratio of (1 Carbon: 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen)
Energy: 4 Calories per gram

11. Monosaccharides Simple sugars that contain just one sugar unit.
Examples: Glucose and Fructose

12. Disaccharides
These are 2 sugar units that have been put together through dehydration synthesis.
Examples:
Sucrose: (Glucose and Fructose)
Lactose: (Milk Sugar)
Maltose: (Malt Sugar)

13. Polysaccharides
These are long polymer chains made up of many simple sugar monomers, or also known as a complex carbohydrate.

14. Examples Starch: Food Storage for Plants
Glycogen: Energy that is stored in the muscles of animals for quick energy. (Liver Replenishes it)
Cellulose: Makes up the cell walls in plant cells. (Humans can not digest it)

15. Concept 5.3
Lipids include Fats and Steroids

16. Lipids
These are organic molecules that have a large proportion of carbon and hydrogen atoms and less oxygen than carbohydrates.
Lipids: 9 Calories per gram

17. Where are Lipids Found? Cholesterol Bees Wax
Phospholipids (Cell Membranes)

18. Types of Lipids
Saturated: Contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
All single bonds
(Usually solid at room temperature)

19. Types of Lipids
Unsaturated: It contains less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
Contains double bonds.
Usually a liquid at room temperature.

20. Specific Lipid Types
Triglyceride: Composed of (Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids)
This is a typical fat.

21. More Types Phospholipid: Found in Cell Membranes.
Hydrophilic Heads: Water Loving
Hydrophobic Tails: Water Hating

22. Hormones Steroid Hormones: (Chemical signals in the body)
Composed of 4 Fused Rings
Testosterone: Male Hormone
Estrogen: Female Hormone

23. Proteins They are building materials for the body.
Proteins are large complex polymers composed of amino acids.
Proteins: 4 Calories per gram

24. Where are they Found?
Meat
Eggs
Beans

25. What do they do? Used in making muscle fibers.
Enzymes: (Molecules that allow reactions to occur in the body.

26. Amino Acids They are the building blocks of proteins.
20 amino acids are available for protein synthesis.

27. Peptide Bond Occurs when amino acids are linked together.
It involves the removal of water just like in carbohydrate synthesis.

28. Enzymes
These are the main catalyst of chemical reactions in organisms.

29. Catalysts
It is a compound that speeds up chemical reactions.

30. Activation Energy
It is the energy necessary to start or initiate a chemical reaction.
See Example.

31. Substrate
A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme.

32. Active Site
It is a particular region on the enzyme that the substrate fits into for a reaction to occur.
It is like a lock and key.
They are very specific to what they do.

33. How do Enzymes Work?
Let’s do a few labs.