1. Applications of Superconducting RF Linear Accelerators (Industry Perspective)
Presentation at the 2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium
Anaheim, California October 30, 2012
Scientific Research
Homeland Security
Medical & Industrial
Defense
Advanced Energy Systems Inc.
27 Industrial Blvd, Unit E
Medford, NY 11763
Phone: (631) x110
Fax: (631)
John Rathke
Anthony Favale

2. Outline
Progress over past decades
Industrial Companies Involved
Applications: Scientific, Homeland Security, Defense Medical & Industrial
Criteria for use of SRF LINACS
Conclusion

3. Progress in SRF Cavity Development over Past Decades
SRF LINAC accelerator technology has existed for about 50 years. The technology was developed at universities and government laboratories. The first SRF LINACS were built with industry supplying the cavities and the universities and labs doing the chemical processing, cold testing and assembly into the cryomodules. Industry accomplished this via technology transfer in the three regions of the world namely the Americas, Asia and Europe.

4. Progress II
There has been very significant progress in the performance of SRF cavities for both electrons and ions over the past 20 years. Both Q value and accelerating gradients have improved dramatically as well as reduction of field emission.
Most of this progress has been the result of improved chemical processing, oven treatment, high pressure rinse and purer materials.

5. ILC R&D

6. 72 MHz b=0.077 Quarter-wave Cavities for ATLAS
Results Reported at LINAC 2012
Courtesy of M. Kelly, Argonne National Lab

7. 109 MHz b=0.15 Quarter-wave Cavity for ATLAS/RIA
1010 Q
109
1.4 MV/Cavity
Results Reported at LINAC 2004
Courtesy of M. Kelly, Argonne National Lab

8. 172 MHz b=0.25 Half-Wave Cavity for RIA
1010 Q
109
1.8 MV/Cavity
(4 K)
Results Reported at LINAC 2004
Courtesy of M. Kelly, Argonne National Lab

9. 345 MHz b=0.40 Double-spoke Cavity for RIAQ
2.1 MV/Cavity
1010
109
Results Reported at SRF 2003
Courtesy of M. Kelly, Argonne National Lab

10. 345 MHz b=0.50 & 0.63 Triple-Spoke Cavities for RIA
b=0.5 Triple-Spoke after electropolishing
b=0.63 Triple-Spoke after electropolishing
Results Reported at PAC 2005
Courtesy of M. Kelly, Argonne National Lab

11. Manufacture of SRF Cavities Requires:
Industry Involvement
Manufacture of SRF Cavities Requires:
State of the art milling and turning machines
Metal forming machines
Chemical treatment facilities for welding preparation
Electron beam welding
High level quality control equipment and procedures
RF tuning capabilities
Rigorous process controls at every step

12. Industrial Involvement cont.
Optional Capabilities:
Buffered Chemical Polishing (BCP) (complete cavity)
High Pressure Rinse (HPR) (complete cavity)
Electropolishing (EP) (complete cavity)
Vacuum Oven Treatment (complete cavity)
Cold, High Field Testing
Cryomodule integration and test

13. Industrial Machining and Forming Facility
Large & Small Forming Presses
CNC Machining

14. Industrial EB Welding, BCP and HPR Facilities
EB Welder With
Clean Room
BCP/EP
Lab
HPR Clean Rooms
Class 1000, 100, 10
Ultra-Pure
Water System
6000 liters
HPR System
HPR System Service
Panel & Pump Skid
BCP System

15. Industrial Electropolishing Facility
Designed and Built under contract to Fermilab

16. Major Companies Involved in Production of SRF Accelerator Technology
Company
Country
Large scale accelerator projects
active
Babcock & Wilcox
USA
CEBAF
Early 1980’s – mid 1990’s
Dornier D
CEBAF, HERA, FLASH
CERCA F
LEP200, FLASH
Early 1980’s – end 1990’s
Ansaldo I
Mitsubishi Electric Company JP
JAERI, KEK-B
Since mid 1980’s
Mitsubishi Heavy Industry
TRISTAN; KEK-B, ILC R&D
ZANON
FLASH, ISAC, XFEL, GANIL
Since mid 1990’s
AES
ILC R&D, NSLS II, PROJECT X R&D, ATLAS upgrade, BNL/ ERL
Since end 1990’s
Roark
ILC R&D, FRIB
Since mid 2000’s
Niowave
PAVAC CA
ILC R&D, FRIB, ISAC-II
Since end 2000’s
SDMS
GANIL
RI (former ACCEL, Siemens, Interatom)
CEBAF, LEP200, JAERI, FLASH. LHC, SNS, GANIL, CEBAF upgrade, XFEL, CESR, ILC R&D
(Industrialization of SRF Accelerator Technology, M. Peiniger et al Vol. 5 World Scientific Publishing Company, 2012)

17. Summary
SRF is now a mature technology due to the progress in SRF R&D over the past 20 years both for ion and electron LINACS.
There is now a demonstrated competent industrial base in Asia, the America’s and Europe.
Scientific applications dominate the market for SRF LINACS. Industrial markets exist for defense, isotope production and accelerator driven systems (ADS) for energy production and nuclear waste mitigation.

18. Accelerator Applications
Science
Defense
Homeland Secutity
Medical
Industrial

19. Science Applications XFEL ESSS RIB Facilities – FRIB, Korea
ATLAS upgrade
e-RHIC
Research FEL’s – FHI, Nijmegen, …
Light Sources – NSLS-II, NGLS, Brazilian, Lund, …
Spallation Neutron Sources - China, SNS upgrade
SARAF upgrade
Project X
ILC
…..

20. Defense
US Navy Ship Self Defense FEL

21. Homeland Security Truck and Container Inspection
Active detection for Special Nuclear Materials

22. Medical
Diagnostic LINACS
Treatment LINACS

23. Industrial Flue gas treatment Waste water treatment
Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS) for energy production and nuclear waste mitigation (China, India and Europe)
Material inspection and processing
Isotope production

24. The following criteria impact the decision to use SRF LINACS:
Criteria for use of SRF
The following criteria impact the decision to use SRF LINACS:
Capital costs
Operating costs
Duty factor
Accelerating gradient
Beam loss / Safety
Reliable operation
Space considerations

25. Criteria for use of SRF II
The costs of SRF cavities and their associated cryomodules and cryosytems are more expensive than room temperature LINACS. So in choosing between them there must be some advantage like lower RF system costs, lower operating costs, reduced beam loss, increased reliability or reduced space requirements.
CW Systems
A one meter long 1.3 GHz CW cavity at MV/m SRF cavity at today’s state of the art will dissipate ~20 W of RF power. The cryoplant to supply this 20 W will have a wall plug power of about 20 KW.
The same cavity made with copper would dissipate many megawatts, which would melt the cavity and hence the system could only be operated in pulse mode or at much lower accelerator gradients.

26. Criteria for CW Systems
CW accelerators operating at reasonably high gradients benefit economically and structurally by utilizing SRF technology.
This includes such machines such as:
ATLAS
SARAF
e-RHIC
US Navy/FEL
NGLS
Project X
Isotope production accelerators
ADS
For CW accelerators with relatively low gradients (4-6 MV/m) the decision is not absolutely clear. Most of the recent Light Sources such as Diamond, Canadian, Australian, Taiwan, NSLS II, Korean and Brazilian have chosen SRF whereas the Lund Light Source has chosen a copper system.

27. Criteria for CW Systems II
Accelerators for flue gas and waste water treatment must be CW. The electron energy for these applications varies between 0.8 – 1.6 MeV. The beam currents are about 0.5 amps. To date these systems have all been DC accelerators. To utilize RF LINACS for this application one can go with low gradients to reduce the power loss in the copper. The economics of such a machine clearly favors a room temperature accelerator

28. Criteria for CW Systems III
For low energy CW accelerators such as those used for ion implantation and material processing and for truck and container inspection copper systems clearly win the economics issue due to capital costs and space requirements.

29. Criteria – Pulsed Systems
For accelerators with gradients above about 6 MV/m, duty factors of 0.5% and above and energy greater than about 100 MeV the economics still favor SRF technology.
This criteria apply to accelerators such as:
XFEL
ILC
SNS
China/ SNS
FRIB
Korean /FRIB
ESSS
For SNS and ESSS the front end of the accelerators are copper. SNS is copper to 186 MeV whereas ESSS will be copper to 53 MeV. For SNS the low beta cavities needed to replace the copper were not sufficiently developed at the time for construction. For ESSS, their study showed that at 4% duty the copper DTL economics wins out. (private communication with Mats Lindros)

30. Criteria – Pulsed Systems II
For duty factors 0.1% and below the economics clearly favors copper systems due to capital costs.
Examples of such systems are:
LINACS for medical diagnostics and treatments,
Homeland security systems used for active detection of special nuclear materials, and
Small IR/UV FEL’s such as the machines at FHI and Nijmegen.

31. Conclusion
SRF is not for everyone
Large, high power systems benefit dramatically from SRF
As power and gradient drop NCRF becomes more attractive