1. Session 1 - Introduction & definitions
Valerie Schmitt, ILO Bangkok
23 Sept 2013

2. Key questions What is social security?
How to implement the right to social security?
How can social security standards help?
Social security standards provide guidelines & principles for the design of SS Laws
Exercise 1 - discovering ILO relevant standards related to social health protection

3. What is social security?
People face contingencies during their life cycle, which have financial consequences
Social security is provided to members of a society against the economic and social distress caused by such contingencies
Maternity
Sickness / ill health
Unemployment
Work injury
Medical care
Families with children
Invalidity
Death of the breadwinner
Old age
Life cycle

4. What is social security?
THE PROTECTION PROVIDED BY SOCIETY
To compensate for the loss of income & covers health care expenditures
To facilitate access to social services and fulfill basic needs
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
ACCESS TO SERVICES
SOCIAL TRANSFERS

5. What is social security? Typology of social transfers
Contributory
Non contributory
Compulsory
Voluntary
Targeted
Non-Targeted
 Social Insurance
 Targeted social assistance
 Universal schemes
Extension of social insurance to informal sector
 Micro-Insurance

6. What is social security? Social security as a human right
Social security is a human right (Article 22 Universal declaration of human rights)
Article 25 recognizes the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well being of the individual and his/her family … including medical care
Flagship Convention 102, 1952
Recommendation 202, 2012 reaffirms the universal right to social security

7. How to implement the right to social security?
Access to social security in many countries
Need to expand horizontally and vertically
Level of protection
Poor
Rest of informal sector
Formal sector
Population

8. How to implement the right to social security?
Social insurance will mainly look at covering formal sector workers, with in some cases extension of voluntary schemes to the informal sector
Level of protection
Social insurance
Poor
Rest of informal sector
Formal sector
Population

9. How to implement the right to social security?
The major part of the population will however be left without adequate protection
Level of protection
Nothing for the great majority
Poor
Rest of informal sector
Formal sector
Population

10. How to implement the right to social security?
All residents should enjoy at least a minimum level of social security
Countries should establish SPFs as a fundamental element of their social security systems
Level of protection
Social Protection Floor
Poor
Rest of informal sector
Formal sector
Population

11. How to implement the right to social security?
Based on this floor, extend social security to provide progressively higher levels of SP benefits to more people
Ex SSO article 40 complements basic pensions and UCS in Thailand
Level of protection
Social insurance
Social Protection Floor
Poor
Rest of informal sector
Formal sector
Population

12. How to implement the right to social security?
All residents have access to essential health care 
All children enjoy income security through transfers in cash or kind  access to nutrition, education and care 
All those in active age groups who cannot earn sufficient income enjoy a basic income security (particularly in case of sickness, unemployment, maternity, disability) 
All residents in old age have income security through pensions or transfers in kind

13. How to implement the right to social security?
Source: NSPS-PV of Cambodia, 2011

14. How to implement the right to social security?
Governments have to organize access and levels of services through legislative and regulatory means
It is the responsibility of the Government to design an adapted legal framework

15. How can social security standards help?
ILO has adopted Social Security Standards
Two types: Conventions and Recommendations
These standards lay down obligations and guidelines for ILO Member States
They help answer all the design questions

16. How can social security standards help?
Conventions are designed with a view to being ratified. Hence, when an ILO Member state ratifies a Convention, it becomes subject to legally binding international obligations.
Recommendations are not open for ratification, they specify general or technical guidelines and often supplement corresponding Conventions.

17. How can social security standards help?
Since 1919, the ILO has adopted 31 Conventions and 23 Recommendations in the area of social security, which have greatly contributed to the development of social security as a universal human right
In 2002, the ILO Governing Body confirmed eight out of these 31 Conventions as up-to-date social security Conventions

18. How can social security standards help?
Maternity
Sickness / ill health
Unemployment
Work injury
Convention No102, covers the nine contingencies
Life cycle
Families with children
Invalidity
Death of the breadwinner
Old age
C 183
C 128
C 128
C 128

19. How can social security standards help?
C.102 Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952
C 168 Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention, 1988
C 128 Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967
C 121 Employment Injury Benefits Convention, 1964
C 130 Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Convention, 1969
C 183 Maternity Protection Convention, 2000
Supplement
R 121
Employment Injury Benefits Recommen-dation, 1964
R 131 Invalidity, Old-age and Survivors' Benefits Recom-mendation, 1967
R 134
Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Recommen-dation, 1969
R 176
Employment Promotion and Protection against Unem-ployment Recom., 1988
R 191
Maternity Protection Recommen-dation, 2000
R. 202 Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202)

20. How can social security standards help?
Flagship
C.102 Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952
9 branches of social security
Minimum percentage of people covered (e.g. 50% of all employees or 20% of all residents)
Minimum levels of benefits guaranteed
Maximum qualifying period for entitlement to benefits
Minimum duration of benefits
Common agreed principles
C 168 Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention, 1988
C 128 Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967
C 121 Employment Injury Benefits Convention, 1964
C 130 Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Convention, 1969
C 183 Maternity Protection Convention, 2000
Supplement
R 121
Employment Injury Benefits Recommen-dation, 1964
R 131 Invalidity, Old-age and Survivors' Benefits Recom-mendation, 1967
R 134
Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Recommen-dation, 1969
R 176
Employment Promotion and Protection against Unem-ployment Recom., 1988
R 191
Maternity Protection Recommen-dation, 2000
R. 202 Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202)

21. How can social security standards help?
C.102 Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952
C 168 Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention, 1988
C 128 Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967
C 121 Employment Injury Benefits Convention, 1964
C 130 Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Convention, 1969
C 183 Maternity Protection Convention, 2000
All residents should enjoy at least a minimum level of social security
Member states of the ILO should establish social protection floors as a fundamental element of their social security systems
Supplement
R 121
Employment Injury Benefits Recommen-dation, 1964
R 131 Invalidity, Old-age and Survivors' Benefits Recom-mendation, 1967
R 134
Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Recommen-dation, 1969
R 176
Employment Promotion and Protection against Unem-ployment Recom., 1988
R 191
Maternity Protection Recommen-dation, 2000
R. 202 Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202)

22. How can social security standards help?
C.102 Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952
C 168 Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention, 1988
C 128 Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967
C 121 Employment Injury Benefits Convention, 1964
C 130 Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Convention, 1969
C 183 Maternity Protection Convention, 2000
Supplement
Convention concerning Medical Care and Sickness Benefits (adopted by ILC in 1969)
R 121
Employment Injury Benefits Recommen-dation, 1964
R 131 Invalidity, Old-age and Survivors' Benefits Recom-mendation, 1967
R 134
Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Recommen-dation, 1969
R 176
Employment Promotion and Protection against Unem-ployment Recom., 1988
R 191
Maternity Protection Recommen-dation, 2000
R. 202 Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202)

23. Social security standards provide guidelines for the design of SS Laws
What are the risks covered?
What are the benefits in case the risk occur?
Levels of benefits
Duration of benefits
Revision of benefits
Who is covered?
Residents, citizens, definition of the labour law…
What are the qualifying conditions? (how many years/months of contribution…)
How will the protection be financed?
How will the protection be organized?

24. Social security standards provide principles for the design of SS Laws
The State is responsible for the provision of benefits & proper functioning of the scheme 
Solidarity & pooling of risks
between men & women, rich & poor, generations 
Tripartite administration
Representatives of covered persons must participate in the management or associated to the key decisions 
Collective financing of benefits
Through contributions, taxation or both
Employees’ contributions should not exceed 50% of the financial resources allocated

25. Social security standards provide principles for the design of SS Laws
Adjustment of pensions (to keep the purchasing power)
Following changes in the cost of living or general level of earnings 
Right to appeal
In case of the refusal of the benefit
Regarding the quality & quantity of benefits 
Suspension of benefits
If beneficiary absent from territory, receives other benefits, made a fraudulent claim …

26. Exercise 1 – discovering ILO conventions and recommendations
Please read Convention 102, Recommendation 202 and Convention 130 and fill the matrix
What are the main differences between the three standards?