2. Zionism 1) Jewish Messianic aspiration
2) National movements – esp. Poland and Austro-Hungarian Emp. (1848)
Antisemitism – racist theories in France & Germany
Pogroms in Russia 1881/2 and the Kishniev killings 1903
Dreyfus affair

3. Jewish National Theories, 1850-70´s
Heinrich Graetz
11 volumes History of Jews from the Oldest Times to Nowadays
Jews as a NATION possesing a historical continuity
Nation based on the LAW
Needs a LAND

4. Jewish National Theories, 1850-70´s
Yehuda Alkalai
Zwi Kalischer
DEMYSTIFICATION OF THE PROCESS OF REDEMPTION
Everyone should be taught spoken HEBREW
BUYING LAND IN PALESTINE, REVIVING HEBREW = PREPARATION FOR REDEMPTION
Redemption will not come suddenly but only as result of the Jew´s own efforts – real merit is to live in Palestine before the days of the Messiah
For establishing a fund for land purchase
Est. an agricultural school on the outskirts of Jaffa

5. Moses Hess Rome and Jerusalem, 1862
Herzl: „Everything we tried is already there in his book.“
„But even an act of conversion cannot relieve the Jew of the enormous pressure of German antisemitism. The Germans hate the religion of the Jews less than they hate their race – they hate the peculiar faith of the Jews less than their peculiar noses. Reform, conversion, education and emancipation – non of these open the gates of society to the German Jew; hence his desire to deny his racial origin.“
„We shall always remain strangers among the nations.“

7. Eastern Europe
Russia, end of the 19th c.: more than 5 milion Jews (about 10 x as many as in Germany)
Only about permitted to live in towns outside of the Pale
Biggest European communities in Warszaw and Odessa
Leading center of haskala in Russia
Relatively open and liberal new city
Peretz Smolenskin, Odessa
Vienna – journal ha Shahar (Dawn)
1) Jews= Am ha ruah
1881
2) collective emigration
Passionate advocate of HEBREW language and litterature
Eliezer ben Yehuda
1st modern dictionary of HEBREW

8. Hibbat (Hovevei) Zion Moshe Lev Lilienblum
Odessa: integration does not lead anywhere
The 1st organisation for Jewish settlement in Palestine
„The opponents of nationalism see us as uncompromising nationalismts, with a nationalist God and a nationalist Torah; the nationalists see us as cosmopolitans, whose homeland is wherever we happen to be well off. Religious Gentiles say that we are devoid of any faith, and the freethinkers among them say that we are Orthodox and believe in all kind of nonsense; the liberal say we are conservative and the conservatives call us liberals. Some bureaucrats and writers see us as the root of anarchy, insurection and revolt; and the anarchists say we are capitalists ...“

9. Hovevei Zion Leo Pinsker Physician Autoemancipation, 1882, Germany
Odessa
„Help yourselves and G-d will help you.“
Judeophobia : disease – incurable, at least as long as its cause is not removed
Sick nation: don´t feel the need for and independent national existence in the same way as a man affected by disease does not feel the desire for food and drink.
„For the living, the Jew is a dead man; for the natives an alien and a vagrant; for property holders a beggar; for the poor an exploiter and a millionaire; for patriots a man without a country; for all classes, a hated rival.“

10. Hovevei Zion: Leo Pinsker
Setting a National Directorate to buy land : expects mass emigration to Palestine
thousand settle in Palestine = FIRST ALIYA (ASCENT)
PINSKER – president of Hibbat Zion
LILIENBLUM – secretary of Hibbat Zion
As secularists were opposed by the RABBIS
Hibbat Zion: since 1884 main office in Odessa – main Zionist body in Russia untill WWI

11. BILU

12. Theodor Herzl
the 1st one to impose Zionism in Jewish and world opinion
Nation in Eretz Israel will not be created only through silent labour
Budapest – Vienna – Paris, 1891, correspondent of his Viennese journal (Dreyfus affaire)
The Jewish State, 1896
only one possible solution: a political one
Modern anti-Semitism is the result of Emancipation
Alteneuland, 1902 – Jews in the middle of social and economic crossfires:
„The persecutions were social and economic. Jewish merchants were boycotted, Jewish workingmen starved out, Jewish professional men proscribed [...]. The blood libel was revived; and at the same time the Jews were accused of poisoning the press, as in the Middle Ages they had been accused of poisoning the wells. As workingmen the Jews were hated by their Christian fellows for undercutting the wage standards. As businessmen they were dubbed profiteers. Whether Jews were rich or poor or middle-class, they were hated just the same.“

13. Zionist Congresses
1st: Basel, 1897
Est. WZO – effective political institution
Practical Zionism + political Zionism
The Jewish problem can be solved only by large-scale migration and settlement of Palestine – can only be attained through political assistance and consent of the community of nations
Herzl:
1st Zionist Bank
Jewish National Fund – purchasing land
Kishniev  UK proposes Uganda – rejected by Chaim Weizman