1. The origins, status and promise of Virtual Design and Construction
John Kunz

2. Big Ideas VDC Origins: broad and multi-disciplinary
People: hundreds of students, CIFE member representatives, colleagues, mentors … over time
Communities
Status: established and growing
Promise: for breakthrough changes in process and outcomes

3. VDC definition
Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is the use of multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects, including the Product (i.e., facilities), Work Processes and Organization of the design - construction - operation team in order to support business objectives.

4. VDC definition
Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is the use of multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects, including the Product (i.e., facilities), Work Processes and Organization of the design - construction - operation team in order to support business objectives.

5. VDC definition
Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is the use of multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects, including the Product (i.e., facilities), Work Processes and Organization of the design - construction - operation team in order to support business objectives.

6. VDC definition
Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is the use of multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects, including the Product (i.e., facilities), Work Processes and Organization of the design - construction - operation team in order to support business objectives.

7. VDC definition
Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is the use of multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects, including the Product (i.e., facilities), Work Processes and Organization of the design - construction - operation team in order to support business objectives.

8. The CIFE mission
to be the world's premier academic research center for Virtual Design and Construction of Architecture - Engineering - Construction (AEC) industry projects.
Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is the use of multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects, including the Product (i.e., facilities), Organization of the design - construction - operation team and Work Processes in order to support business objectives …
… to support exceptionally reliable engineering and management processes to plan, design, construct and operate sustainable facilities

9. Plus-Delta of Civil and Environmental Engineering
US Department of Commerce, compiled by P. Teicholz
Persson, Sustainable City of Tomorrow: B01—Experiences of a Swedish Housing exposition
Guilllermo Gomez, PUChile
Provides fixed physical assets and wealth of society
High global demand for infrastructure and housing
Opportunity to impact global climate challenge significantly
Low productivity  compete with other ways to spend $
High energy use and rising energy costs
Structural reliability << societal need (Chile)
Environmental degradation

10. VDC Framework Uses: management across life cycle Models Model content
Product: BIM
Organization:
Process: Production plans
Model content
Intent (“Function”)
Design (“Form”)
Properties (“Behavior”)
Origin: Kunz & Fischer, 2002 (with revisions)

11. VDC elements
Slide by Martin Fischer

12. VDC has a management focus
Design of
Product: classic focus of engineering design and analysis
First object-oriented CAD models at Stanford
Organization:
Necessary because of complexity
Emerged because of influence of Ray Levitt
Process and production management
Necessary because projects live over time
Emerged from discipline of CEM, started at Stanford

13. Management objectives and metrics
Management maturity definition
Coordination latency (days)
What they are: metrics, target and measured values, status (R/G/Y)
So what: Bloom et al.
Performance tracks management
Latency of different teams

14. (Multiple) Predictable performance objectives: Drivers
Production management: short intervals
(Multiple) Predictable performance objectives: Drivers
Outcomes: major milestones
Controllable
Process
[Conformance to plans]
Outcome [Project/ Enterprise Performance]
Product, organization, process designs
Latency: mean <= 1; 95% within 2 working days
Safety: 0 lost hours
Coordination activity: planned, explicit, public, informed > 90%
Field-generated Requests for Information: 0
Schedule: 1 y Design
< .5 y Construct
95% on-time performance
Facility managed Scope: 100% of items with > 2% of value, time, cost or energy
Rework volume: 0 (for field construction work); objective = 10-20% (virtual work)
Cost: >= 95% of budgeted items within 2% of budgeted cost
Prediction basis: > 80% of predictions founded
*Function (quality) conformance (%): >= 99%
Quality - Delivered Scope: 100% satisfaction by POE
Design versions: 2 or more >= 80%
Schedule conformance (%): >= 80%
*Sustainability: >75% better energy, water, materials, than 2002, profitably
Staff trained in VDC: >= 4/project
Cost conformance (%): >= 95%
Globalization: >= 50% of supply and sales

15. Performance objectives for DPR - 2018
Production management
[Conformance to plans]
Outcome [Enterprise Performance]
Latency: mean <= 1; 95% within 2 working days
Safety: 0 lost hours
Field-generated Requests for Information: 0
Schedule: 1 y Design
< .5 y Construct
95% on-time performance
Rework volume: 0 (for field construction work); objective = 10-20% (virtual work)
Cost: >= 95% of budgeted items within 2% of budgeted cost
*Function (quality) conformance (%): >= 99%
Quality - Delivered Scope: 100% satisfaction by POE
Schedule conformance (%): >= 80%
*Sustainability: >75% better energy, water, materials, than 2002, profitably
Cost conformance (%): >= 95%
Globalization: >= 50% of supply and sales
Staff trained in VDC: > 90% of all projects have >= 4 VDC specialists
Other:
Drivers
Courtesy: DPR

16. Product models - BIM What it is: Objects with attributes
Building Information Modeling (BIM) - process involving generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places. 
Building Information Models (BIMs) - files which can be exchanged or networked to support decision-making about a place. 
Origin: CIFECAD, Fischer, 1991

17. BIM
What it is
Origins:
CIFECAD
Fischer, 1991
AI/ Feigenbaum

18. Example “hi-def” BIM: Detailed graphic and symbolic content
Courtesy GPLA, Inc.

19. Integrated Concurrent Engineering
What it is
Origins:
CS iRoom
Dave Martin and SMART
JPL

20. Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE) Background
Given
Objective = Rapid, effective design “extreme collaboration” (~1 week)
Excellent POP software
Collocated team
iRoom
Good generic project models
SD (DD) phase focus
Performance change
Photo courtesy JPL
(c) 2013

21. Production management
What it is: transformation of operational inputs into "outputs" that, when distributed, meet the needs of customers.
Short-interval
“pull”
Lean
Origins
Lean community

22. Complexity
Definition: High uncertainty and knowledge required exceeds that of any individual, e.g., construction (flight/surgical) team; design structural
Other task types:
Simple: many people can quickly learn to do the work
Specialized: large amounts of training need to learn to do the (virtuoso) work, e.g., Master-builder (pilot/surgeon)
Reliability management is a requirement in situations with complexity, and VDC can help
Implication: complexity inspires the management, organization and process focus of VDC

23. Translation
CIFE translational research  problems and test cases for research and teaching + exploration for practice
at low risk and (relatively) low cost
Origins:
Terman
CIFE/CIS/CDR
Translational medicine
Practice
Research
Education

24. CIFE “Horseshoe” Research Method
Metrics (performance), Scope (domain)
Observed Problem
Research Methods
Intuition
Theoretical POD
Research Questions
R Tasks:
Theory
Model
Test
Evidence?
Validation
Results
Claimed
Contributions
Predicted Impact
Legend:
Intellectual
Merit
Leads to
Impact
Compare

25. Emerging promises of VDC
Broad, disciplined adoption
Inference
Generate design options
Validate/check
Analyze
Evaluate
Knowledge and “Big” data based

26. Broad, disciplined adoption Chasms of technology adoption
Promise
Broad adoption: Cross chasm (Geoff Moore model)
Emerging chasm(s)
project(s) enterprise
# new users
time

27. Broad, disciplined adoption - standards: International BIM model schema
Multi-disciplinary conceptual object definitions
Attributes
Interoperable: Written and read by many apps

28. Broad adoption: VDC Certificate Program
Hundreds of participants
International

29. Broad, disciplined adoption - enterprise
Process Metrics
Target Costing
Stuart
Project Setup
Need to go further than just the conceptual definition of an “integrated process”
Need tangible references of a completely redefined process
Prequalification process
Define project organization
Define deliverables by discipline
Process to create a virtual organization
Commitment from all parties to virtual organization
Recognition that SD, DD, CD and CA are redefined
Owner’s commitment from the very top
Design Assist
Process
Virtual Building Tools
Design the “Big Room”
Virtual Company
Big Room
Collaborative Planning
Courtesy DPR

30. Broad, disciplined adoption - field: Breakthrough performance objectives for 2015
Internal objectives
External objectives to clients

31. Inference: Multi-disciplinary optimization
Generate and analyze many design options automatically

32. Inference: Multi-disciplinary optimization & performance analysis

33. Inference: Estimate Life cycle environmental costs

34. Big Ideas VDC Origins: broad and multi-disciplinary
People: hundreds of students, CIFE member representatives, colleagues, mentors … over time
Communities
Status: established and growing
Promise: for breakthrough changes in process and outcomes

35. The origins, status and promise of Virtual Design and Construction
John Kunz