1. SWBAT: - Identify significant geographic features of Egypt -Explain how these features contributed to their success.

2. I. Geography
A. Located on the Nile River in N.E. Africa A1. River flowed north 4,100 miles, *longest river in the world A2. Nile flooded the same time every year, A3. Egypt was considered “the gift of the Nile” the river gave them life.
July, river receded in October leaving silt giving them fertile land

4. B. Natural defense
-B1.Protected by the Sahara desert that lies to the west. -B2.Cataracts steep waterfalls in the upper Nile -protected Egypt from Nubia in the south. C. Egypt’s relative Isolation C1. Usually ruled by natives B.C.E.

5. II. Early Egypt
A. Agriculture & Domesticated animals appear by 6000 B.C.E. A1. Series of villages along the Nile by 3600 B.C.E. B. Invention of writing B.C.E.- Hieroglyphs B1. Rosetta Stone B2. Hieroglyphics, Demotic, Greek B3. Wrote on papyrus- reeds that grew near the Nile
Importance of deciphered writing to understand the past
Demotic- short hand

6. Rosetta Stone
196 B.C.E.
By comparing, scholars could decipher the hieroglyphics.

7. Shaduf
To lift the water from the canal they used a shaduf. A shaduf is a large pole balanced on a crossbeam, a rope and bucket on one end and a heavy counter weight at the other. By pulling the rope it lowered the bucket into the canal. The farmer then raised the bucket of water by pulling down on the weight. He then swung the pole around and emptied the bucket onto the field.

8. Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt
c B. C. E.
The red represents Lower Egypt and the white represents Upper Egypt
First Dynasty- a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed down within the family

9. D. Growing Power of Kings
D1. “Pharaoh” is a New kingdom word for king, means “palace”
D2. Kings in time are recognized as gods
D3.Role of King: To maintain ma’at (order or justice)

10. SWBAT: Explain the role of religion
Describe early engineering accomplishments of Egypt

11. III. Religion A2. Happy afterlife for the virtuous a. judgment
A1. Emphasizes unification: Horus as patron god of kings
A2. Happy afterlife for the virtuous
a. judgment
b. mummification
c. Necropolises

12. B. Polytheistic. B1. believed in over 2,000 Gods and. Goddesses. B2
B. Polytheistic B1. believed in over 2,000 Gods and Goddesses. B2. Most important god, Ra- the sun god B3. Built huge temples to honor the gods and goddess C. Pyramids C1. Tombs for kings
Believed the Kings contributed to rule after death, built enormous pyramids as tombs.

13. Egyptian Mythology
A. Osiris- God of the Afterlife B. Kings were mummified to preserve the body and put into tombs with his belongings. C. Also give “the Book of the Dead” which contained prayers to go to the next life.
weighed the heart of the people passing into the afterlife to judge them. -If heart was lighter than a feather they passed through. -If heart was heavier- devourer of souls would eat the heart.

15. - Pyramids were built during the kings life to show strength in his dynasty. - Pyramid of Giza:
Giza- 2 million blocks stacked 480 feet high -each block weighted between 2.5 and 15 tons limestone used was carried 400 miles up river -pyramid covers 13 acres.

16. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

17. “Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

18. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

19. The Valley of the Kings

20. G. City Growth G1. Decentralized economy; compare to Mesopotamia city-states G2. Rise of towns as administrative centers G3. Importance of towns as religious centers G4. Towns as capitals- Memphis, then Thebes G5. Trade cities, especially in the delta (N.Egypt)

21. III. Old Kingdom 2686 – 2181 B.C.E.
A. Pyramids as evidence of large-scale organization. B. Fortress building C. Political disintegration C1. rising power of nomarchs (local governors) C2. Famine D. First Intermediate Period, B.C.E. D1. No single king D2. Competition b/w North and South

22. IV. Middle Kingdom 2050- 1750 B.C.E. D1. Hyksos invasion
A. Trade revival
-Local caravans-
- long distance trade- Mediterranean
B. Flourishing arts
-Literature The Autobiography of Si-nuhe
C. Development of state organization
-spread into Nubia, Middle East
D. Second Intermediate Period B.C.E.
D1. Hyksos invasion

23. New Kingdom B.C.E.
A. Ramses II (r b.c.e.) A1. Ramses the Great - reasserted Egyptian control into Eastern Med. region, Canaan, and south into Nubia. -Commissioned extensive building projects. Temple of Ramses B. Akhenaten ( B.C.E.) Amenhotep IV B1. The challenge of monotheism to traditional Egypt -Aten- god of the sun

24. (

25. Contributions/ Achievements
System of numbers
to tax, farmers used geometry to survey the land after floods.
Architecture
measurement, building of pyramids and palaces.
Developed a 365 day calendar based on flooding of the Nile
short of a solar year by 6 hours, 12 thirty day months, 5 extra days.
Medicine
pulse, circulatory system, splint broken bones, surgery- tonsils out