1. Post Classical India

2. Islam in Northern India
after the Gupta, India was divided into regional kingdoms
Arab military expeditions conquered northwest by 711
coastal regions welcomed Muslim merchants
Turks migrated and converted to Islam in 10th century
descendants of Mahmud of Ghazni established Sultanate of Delhi in 1206
Islam always was a minority religion due to few converts

3. Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India
avoided conflict of the north, small kingdoms controlled area
the Chola kingdom ( ) lasted 4 centuries
Chola’s navy dominated waters from South China Sea to Arabian Sea
the kingdom of Vijayanagar ( ) occupied Deccan plateau
Hindus tolerated Muslim
merchants

4. Production and Trade Agriculture
monsoon system challenged productivity
irrigation necessary for dry months
increased agriculture led to population growth (from 53 to 105 million)
urbanization increased in Delhi and port cities
Cross-Culture Trade
Indian Ocean trade system created wealth
dhows and junks used trade winds
Emporia, port cities, were used as clearinghouses of trade
warehouses located in India for storage due to central location
silk, porcelain (China), spices (SE Asia), pepper, gems, pearls, cotton (India), incense, horses (Arabia), gold, ivory, slaves (Africa)

5. Changes in Society
Caste system helped integrate immigrants, expansion of guilds and jatis
Jainism and Buddhism lost followers to Hindu and Islam
Hinduism dominated southern India, Islam in the north
devotional cults became popular in the south (Shiva, Vishnu)
Sufi mystics appealed to Indian merchants, effective missionaries
conversion to Islam was slow and gradual, some for improving social status
Bhakti movement attempted to blend Islam and Hinduism
Hindu and Muslim merchants from India spread culture to SE Asia

6. Influence of India in S.E. Asia
Indian merchants brought their faiths to SE Asia
ruling elites adapted some Indian political traditions
states sponsored Hinduism and Buddhism but not interested in caste system
Funan wealthy through trade in lower Mekong River area
Srivijaya on Sumatra used navy to maintain sea trade
Angkor built by Khmers was a reflection of Hindu world order
Angkor turned to Buddhism during 12th and 13th centuries
Thais invaded in 1431 and Khmers abandoned it
conversion to Islam in SE Asia was slow and quiet
ruling elite converted in cities while rural people kept old traditions

7. Angkor Wat