1. BIOCHEMISTRY Biomolecules
The molecules that make up and run your body

2. Hydrogen Bond Attractive force BETWEEN molecules
NOT a true chemical bond; very weak
Only form when molecules are very close together
Determine the shapes of DNA and proteins

3. Hydrogen Bonding

4. 4 Types of Macromolecules

5. ORGANIC vs. INORGANIC MOLECULES
Organic Molecules contain carbon in the presence of hydrogen.
Inorganic molecules are not organic; they are NOT derived from living matter.

6. CARBON COMPOUNDS All Macromolecules contain Carbon!
Carbon is unique because it has 4 valence electrons and can bond with many other atoms.
Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms and form long organic chains.

7. Macromolecules Constructed of units called POLYMERS
Polymers are subdivided into their basic units called MONOMERS.

8. Macromolecules
Polymers account for the molecular uniqueness of organisms.
FOR EXAMPLE: ~20 amino acids make up all forms of life. These form every conceivable protein known to man!

9. Making & Breaking of Polymers

10. Making Polymers
Dehydration Synthesis – two molecules are chemically joined through the use of enzymes and a loss of water

11. Making & Breaking of Polymers
Hydrolysis – the bonds between monomers are broken by the enzyme and the addition of water.

12. Biomolecules overview
Amoeba Sisters

13. Macromolecules (AKA Biomolecules)
Carbohydrates

14. Carbohydrates Made of C, H, and O Monomer = Monosaccharide
Function: To supply IMMEDIATE energy for all cell activities

15. Monosaccharide
Single Sugar

16. Monosaccharide Examples
Pentose sugars = 5 carbons
Ribose, deoxyribose, and ribulose
Hexose sugars = 6 carbons
Glucose, galactose, fructose

17. Glucose: Your brain’s favorite food

18. Disaccharides Examples: Sucrose Maltose Lactose
NOTICE: Mono & Disaccharides end in the suffix -ose

19. Structural or storage molecules
Polysaccharides
Many sugars
Basic Formula: ( C6H10O5)n
Structural or storage molecules

20. Carbohydrate Review Type Function Examples Monosaccharide
Immediate energy
Glucose, Fructose
Disaccharide
Sucrose, Maltose
Polysaccharide
Structure and Storage
Starch, Glycogen

21. Storage Polysaccharides
“Complex carbohydrates” (ENERGY STORAGE)
STARCH is a PLANT storage polysaccharide that is composed entirely of glucose molecules
Amylose is the simplest form of starch

22. Storage Polysaccharides
Glycogen - animal starch stored in the liver and skeletal muscles of vertebrates
PLANTS make their own carbohydrates
ANIMALS eat the plants
FOOD/ENERGY WEB IN ACTION!!

23. Glycogen Storage

24. Using Glycogen If your blood sugar (glucose) gets too high:
Your body stores it in your liver and skeletal muscles as glycogen
If your blood sugar gets too low:
Your body breaks down the glycogen and releases glucose to your blood

25. Structural Polysaccharides
Cellulose and chitin
Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on earth.
Chitin is found in arthropod exoskeletons and the cell walls of fungi

26. Structural Polysaccharides
Cellulose
in cell walls of plants
must be broken down into glucose before cells can use it for energy
cows, termites, and roaches have microbes in their digestive tracts that do this for them
WE DON’T – that is why we can’t graze on grass for lunch!!
However, we do need cellulose although we just call it FIBER in our diet: It scrubs out our intestines!

27. In charge of all your body functions
PROTEINS
In charge of all your body functions

28. Proteins Biomolecules that are provide structure or have a function
Monomer: Amino Acid
Elements: C, H, O, and N

29. Basic amino acid structure

30. 20 main amino acids

31. Protein formation
Dehydration synthesis joins the amino acid monomers together using peptide bonds
Sometimes called “polypeptide chains”
Make up ~50% of dry weight of most cells

32. Functions of Proteins
Wide variety of functions...can be divided into 2 categories:
STRUCTURAL: support and strengthen
FUNCTIONAL: crucial roles in biological processes
Proteins are VERY IMPORTANT!!!

33. Structural Proteins

34. Functional Proteins

35. Cell Membrane Proteins

36. Protein Hormones

37. Proteins Structural Proteins Support and strengthen Elastin
Artery walls, lungs, intestines, skin
Collagen
Skin
Keratin
Hair, nails, skin
Functional Proteins
Crucial role in biological processes
Hemoglobin
In blood cells - carries oxygen to cells
Insulin
Pancreas - carries glucose to cells
Antibodies & Antigens
White blood cells - fight infection
Enzymes
Saliva, stomach - speed up reactions

38. Enzyme action
Enzymes can act as “catalysts” (a molecule that lowers ACTIVATION ENERGY)
Can increase a reaction’s speed (rate) up to 1010 times!!
The enzyme is not changed at all by the chemical reaction so can be reused over and over

39. Enzyme Specificity Enzyme: protein that acts on a substrate
Substrate: molecule that is affected by the enzyme
Active site: place on the enzyme where the reaction occurs
ONE ENZYME ACTS ON ONLY ONE SUBSTRATE: VERY SPECIFIC !
Amylase breaks down amylose
Lactase breaks down lactose

40. Enzyme Action Lock and key fit: active site and substrate fit exactly
Induced fit: active site can adjust to “wrap around” substrate to get optimum fit

41. Protein Denaturation
Functional Proteins depend on their structure to do their job
STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION
Active site must be the correct shape for the substrate
H-bonds hold these proteins together in their correct shape

42. Protein Denaturation
Extremes (too high or too low) in TEMPERATURE and pH can disrupt H-bonds causing the active site to be destroyed.
The enzyme CANNOT do its function! The enzyme (protein) is then denatured (Not the same nature as before)

43. Enzyme-Substrate Action

44. LIPIDS

45. Lipids Biomolecule that contains C, H, and O
HYDROPHOBIC (non polar): doesn’t mix with water
Monomers: Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Examples: neutral fats, steroids, and phospholipids

46. Neutral Fats Monomer

47. Dehydration Synthesis

48. Neutral Fats Monomers: Glycerol and 3 fatty acids Functions:
INSULATION (subcutaneous fat)
Energy storage (Very energy dense: Fat has 9 kcal of energy per gram, while Carbs & proteins have 4 kcal of energy)
Cushioning for internal organs
Absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K; these vitamins cannot be absorbed unless they are dissolved in fat)

49. Saturated Fats vs. Unsaturated
BAD
GOOD
Characteristic
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
State at room temp.
Solid
Liquid
Found in animals or plants
Animal
Plants
Structure: bent or straight
Single bonds, straight
Double bonds, bent

50. Saturated Unsaturated

51. Steroids
Monomers are carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings (add to your notes!)

52. Steroids Steroids are FAT SOLUBLE and contain little oxygen
THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES:
Cholesterol is found in all ANIMAL tissue. Plants do NOT contain cholesterol
Cholesterol is the MOST IMPORTANT steroid since it is essential for the manufacture of ALL other steroids
It also helps to STABILIZE your cell membranes.

53. Examples Sex hormones: estrogen, testosterone, progesterone
Insulin: blood glucose regulation (add to notes)
Aldosterone: maintains water balance
Bile salts: digestion & absorption of FATS

54. Phospholipids Monomers: two fatty acids and a phosphate Functions:
Form cell membrane: Phospholipid bilayer
Component of Nervous Tissue

55. Phospholipids Both polar and non polar qualities
Phosphate head is polar
Fatty acid tail is non polar

56. Phospholipid Bilayer

57. Myelin Sheath: Insulates Nerve

58. NUCLEIC ACIDS
GENETIC MATERIAL

59. Nucleic Acids Biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information
Contain elements C, H, O, N, P
Monomer: Nucleic acid
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base
Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

60. DNA & RNA

62. Nucleotides

63. DNA INFORMATION Cellular site = nucleus
Function = Directs protein synthesis (contains all the instructions)
Sugar = deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases = A T C G
Structure = double helix

64. RNA INFORMATION Cellular site = in & out of nucleus (can travel)
Function = Carries out protein synthesis (makes it happen)
Sugar = ribose
Nitrogenous bases = A U C G
Structure = single strand

65. Elements in Macromolecules
Carbohydrate
C,H,O
Lipids
C,H,O,(P)
Proteins
C,H,O,N
Nucleic
Acids
C,H,O,N,P

66. Monomers Carbohydrates Mono- saccharides Lipids (neutral fats)
Glycerol & fatty acids
Proteins
Amino Acids
Nucleic
Acids
Nucleotides

67. Major function Carbohydrates Immediate energy & storage Lipids
Cell components
Form steroids
Proteins
Functional
Structural
Nucleic
Acids
Store and transmit genetic info