1. Cross border cooperation under the Phare and Tacis Programmes Nick Maddock, UNDP BRC Objectives Similar to INTERREG, but embraces CBC involving non-Member States

2. Types of intervention Stress on heavy infrastructure (60% of expenditure), especially roads, rail and waste-water treatment Smaller interventions through Small Projects Funds & Joint Small Projects Funds

3. Implementation arrangements Extensive use of Euroregions in programming and implementation …but with substantial oversight and control by the European Commission

4. Lessons of experience Heavy demand for SPF & JSPF Trends away from infrastructure (especially given provision under ISPA) Economic interventions and soft actions Cross-border partnerships for SPF/JSPF take time to build

5. New Neighbourhood Programme Background and objectives new instrument: builds on INTERREG, & Phare and Tacis Cross-border programmes similar objectives: economic & social development, border management, ‘common concerns’ will include Western Balkans, even though not covered by ‘Wider Europe’ initiative

6. Eligibility Must involve a Member State (cannot only include CBC between non- Member States)

7. Process resolution, and ensuring compatibility, of the different instruments and preparing for new financial instrument after 2006 allow for single projects operating on both sides of a border (single application process) funding of the MS component from Structural Funds

8. Cross border cooperation across the internal borders of former Yugoslavia the role of UNDP in cross- border cooperation

9. Context New international borders where there was previously free movement of people, goods, services and capital New international borders have resulted in marginal border areas Efficacy of support enhanced by establishing cross- border partnerships early

10. Objectives of UNDP support Building cross-border partnerships in advance of EU assistance Add value to the work of LEDAs and local and regional development programmes

11. What can donor-funded support to cross-border cooperation do? ….which (working) free trade agreements and WTO membership cannot

12. Donor-funded support to economic cross-border cooperation is appropriate when…. market response is: unlikely in the foreseeable future likely to be unduly delayed relative to accompanying market-based actions prevented or heavily constrained by structural and other factors