1. The United States Expanded from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Manifest Destiny
The United States Expanded from the Atlantic to the Pacific
in 50 years

2. Manifest Destiny
A belief shared by many Americans in the mid 1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean.
President Polk believed it was our manifest destiny, or “obvious fate” to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean in order to spread democracy.

3. Louisiana Purchase: 1803
Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million.
Jefferson wanted to make sure the U.S. had control of the Port of New Orleans and the Mississippi River.
The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.
The U.S. stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains.

4. Florida: 1819
The U.S. wanted to take Florida from Spain because of attacks by Seminole Indians and runaway slaves in Georgia.
In 1819, President Monroe sent General Andrew Jackson to Florida to help protect the U.S. border.
Jackson invaded Florida and overthrew the governor of Florida. He had no direct orders from President Monroe.
Spain gave Florida to the U.S. in exchange for $5 million and control of Texas.

5. Texas: 1830s Stephen Austin In 1821, Texas was a part of Mexico.
Stephen Austin was an empresario = agent to bring settlers to Texas.
Stephen Austin brought the first 300 families to Texas - known as the Old Three Hundred.
By 1830, 25,000 Americans were living in Texas. They were required to become Mexican citizens and become Catholic.
The Americans had to follow Mexican law.
When Americans complained, Mexico closed Texas to further American immigration.
Stephen Austin

6. Texas Revolution: 1835-36 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
After Mexico closed Texas to Americans, Stephen Austin went to negotiate with the Mexican leader, Antonio López de Santa Anna.
Austin was jailed, and the Texans revolted.
In February 23- March 6, 1836, Mexico attacked the Texans at the Alamo. This 13-day siege resulted in the killing of all the Americans (except some women, children and slaves).
In April, the Mexican army massacred the Texan rebels at Goliad.
After the Alamo and Goliad, Sam Houston surprise attacked Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. “Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!”
Texas won its independence.
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

7. Texas Statehood: 1845 Sam Houston
Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty giving Texas its independence.
Texas became an independent nation in 1836 called the Lone Star Republic.
Sam Houston became President.
Annexation of Texas was delayed:
Worry that adding Texas as a slave state would upset the balance between free and slave states
Fear that annexing Texas would lead to war with Mexico
Texas joined the U.S. and became the 28th state in 1845.
Sam Houston

8. Oregon Country: 1846
In 1820, both the U.S. and Britain claimed to own Oregon Country.
In the 1830s and 1840s, thousands of American pioneers were going west to settle in Oregon Country.
President Polk wanted all of Oregon to the fifty-four fifty parallel. The American people cried, “Fifty-four forty or fight.”
Neither Polk nor Britain wanted war.
Britain and the U.S. compromised. They split Oregon in half at the 49th parallel. The U.S. got the southern half.

9. War with Mexico:
President Polk wanted to expand the U.S. territory clear to the Pacific Ocean.
He offered to buy California and New Mexico territories from Mexico for $30 million. Mexico refused.
After the U.S. annexed Texas in 1845, Mexico and the U.S. disagreed on the Texas border
The U.S. claimed the Rio Grande River.
Mexico claimed the Nueces River.
The U.S. sent troops to patrol the border.
Conflict broke out and the Mexican army killed U.S. troops on “disputed land.”
Polk declared war, claiming Mexico spilled American blood on American land.

10. War with Mexico: 1846-48 Battle of Buena Vista
The U.S. Army had better weapons and equipment, but it was greatly outnumbered by the Mexican forces and was poorly prepared.
The U.S. took New Mexico territory without a fight and claimed the territory.
Zachary Taylor defeats Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista.
U.S. troops under Winfred Scott (“old fuss and feathers”) capture Mexico City.
This led to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war.
Battle of Buena Vista

11. Bear Flag Revolt: 1846
Small group of American settlers seized the town of Sonoma.
Americans declared California an independent nation and made a grizzly bear flag.
John C. Fremont was leading a mapping expedition in the Sierra Nevadas. He joined the American settlers in their revolt against the Californios.
Shortly after, U.S. naval forces came ashore in California and raised the stars and stripes. They claimed California for the United States.

12. Mexican Cession: 1848
In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico gave the U.S. the territories of California, Nevada and Utah, most of Arizona and New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
The US also claimed Texas north of the Rio Grande
The U.S. paid $15 million for the territory
Today this is the American southwest.
Mexican Cession increased the size of the US by 25%

13. Gadsden Purchase: 1853
After the war with Mexico, Americans wanted to guarantee that any southern railroad to California would be built completely on American soil.
US paid $10 million for the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico.
The existing boundary between the U.S. and Mexico was fixed.

14. California Gold Rush

15. The Discovery 1839 – John Sutter owns land in California
1848 – workers at John Sutter’s sawmill along the American River find flecks of gold

16. Workers at the Saw mill

17. The Gold rush 1849 – Approx. 23,000 people came by land
Nicknamed “49ers”
Another 45,000 the next year
– approx. 62,000 arrived in San Francisco by boat
San Francisco becomes heart of Gold Rush
ships bring supplies and goods in for the mines
Chinese and South Americans flock to California
“World event”

19. Gold and riches
Gold = easy to find at first, becomes difficult enterprise
Money makers were entrepreneurs
Supply gold miners:
with basic necessities
supplies for mining
various services
….All at an inflated price….
Assert dominance over foreign miners
Heavily tax them
Use violence to drive many away

20. Effects of gold rush Large scale immigration out west
California seeks statehood
1849 hold convention, draft state constitution
Mostly northerners
EXCLUDES AFRICAN AMERICANS – slave and free
Stirs up friction between north and south
September – becomes 31st state – a free state
Denies expansion of slavery to the pacific coast….

21. Compromise of 1850
New Mexico and Utah territories formed with slavery to be decided