1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. The Industrial Revolution was changes in technology that led to the switch from human and animal power to machines doing the work
The Industrial Revolution came after the Commercial Revolution, which was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that started after the Crusades
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 1700s

3. Contributing Factors Increase in the food supply
This was due mainly to the Agricultural Revolution, where new inventions and better livestock breeding methods led to more food being produced with less amounts of labor
Poor farmers now moved to the cities looking for jobs
Population grew
This created a large workforce
Had a ready supply of money (capital) to invest in industrial machines and factories
Capital = money available for investment
Entrepreneur = a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways of making profits

4. Lots of natural resources: coal, iron ore
Large supply of materials and markets from colonies
Britain had a huge empire and the largest and most powerful navy in the world
Great Britain was politically stable
Factors of production
Capital, Entrepreneur, Land, Labor

6. Changes in Textile Production
Cottage Industry
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, work such as textile production was done by individuals in their rural homes
Merchants would drop off the raw materials and then come back later for the finished product
The first industry to be industrialized was the textile industry = cloth-making, mostly from wool or cotton
Two-step process
Spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton
Weavers wove the thread into cloth on looms

8. Series of Technological Advances
“flying shuttle” was invented by John Kay, and made weaving faster, doubled the speed at which a weaver could do his job
Spinning jenny created by James Hargreaves which produced thread faster
Water-powered loom invented by Edmund Cartwright
These new machines were becoming too big to be put into a cottage and Richard Arkwright built the first factory with 200 workers to house his water frame
More efficient to bring workers to the new machines and have them work in factories near rivers

10. The most important invention was the steam engine that was invented by James Watt and it used steam to drive machinery
Coal was used to heat water to produce steam
Factories no longer had to be located near water
Many factories were now built in cities and near roads and ports
Other uses for the steam engine
Robert Fulton developed the steamship
Steam engines also used to power locomotives
Imported more and more raw cotton and cotton cloth became Britain’s most valuable product

12. Coal and Iron Industries
The success of the steam engine led to an expansion of the coal and iron industries and led to the invention of the railroad
The steam engine increased the need for coal and led to an expansion in coal production
Steam engines required immense amounts of coal to heat water
By 1800 Britain produced 80% of Europe’s coal
New processes using coal led to the iron industry
Henry Cort developed a process called puddling – coal used to burn away impurities in crude iron
High quality iron used to build new and stronger machines and transportation

13. Railroads
Railroads were important to the success of the Industrial Revolution
More efficient means of transporting goods and resources
Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods
Entrepreneurs could reinvest profits into new equipment – ongoing economic growth
Created new jobs – both on the trains themselves, building the railroads, and rest stops

14. Spread of Industrialization
First to be industrialized in continental Europe was Belgium
Belgium was followed later by France and German states
Their gov’ts were active in encouraging the development of industrialization
The United States also began to industrialize after a young mill worker from Great Britain named Samuel Slater migrated to the U.S. and built the first factory in Rhode Island

16. Working in Factories
The factory created a new labor system in which workers would work in shifts
Factory owners wanted to use their new machines constantly, so workers were forced to work in shifts
Factory work was divided into several separate parts and each worker was assigned one task that was easy to learn
Even children could easily learn it

17. Factory work was dangerous
No safety protection from the massive machines, no worker’s compensation
Long work hours – from 12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week, only lunch break (no other breaks)
Bad conditions, no minimum wage, no job security, noisy, and poor sanitation
If you don’t like it, there are many people who will take your place since they need the money

22. Factory Towns Whole towns grew up around the factories
Families lived in shoddy, crowded buildings with cramped quarters
Some neighborhoods in Manchester had only two toilets for every 250 people
Lots of pollution – soot filled the air from burning coal, the smoke also contained other poisonous chemicals
Destroyed lungs and nature
Factory towns were highly unsanitary, disease spread rapidly, and many died
Six out of every ten children died before the age of 5

23. Social Impact One social impact was the growth of cities
People moved from farms to cities for jobs
Pitiful living conditions – cholera, tuberculosis
Another social impact was two new social classes – growth of the middle class
Industrial middle class = people who own the factories
Industrial working class = people who work in the factories
Most of the workers were women and children
They were cheaper to pay then men
Factory work seen as “women’s work”

25. Process of Mass Production
In the U.S., one change that occurred to the factory system was the development of mass production
Mass production = the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items
Elements of mass production include interchangeable parts and the assembly line
Interchangeable parts = identical machine-made parts
Assembly line = the product moves from worker to worker, as each one performs a step in the manufacturing process
With this new division of labor system, workers can make many items quickly at a more affordable cost and goods became cheaper for consumers

26. Responses to the Industrial Revolution
Socialism
The horrible working conditions created by the Industrial Revolution led to a movement known as socialism
Definition: System in which society, usually in the form of gov’t, owns and controls the means of production
Socialists, such as Robert Owen, believed that for the good of all, society or the government should own property and control industry
Socialists believed in the equality of all people and wanted to get rid of economic cooperation
Another socialist was Karl Marx, who viewed Owen as a “utopian” socialist

27. Karl Marx and Communism
Communism = a system of social organization in which all property is held in common
Communists hated and were against capitalism and against private property
Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848 and is considered to be the father of communism
He believed that all of world history was a “history of class struggles”
The bourgeoisie (middle class) owned all the means of production and oppressed the proletariat (working class)
The bourgeoisie were getting richer and the proletariat poorer
Marx believed that the proletariat would rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie in a violent revolution
This would lead ultimately to a classless society in which government would no longer be needed and capitalism would collapse

28. Labor Unions
Labor union = organizations representing workers’ interests
People formed unions to try to gain better working conditions, less hours, and higher pay
Unions were illegal at first, but eventually gained acceptance – Britain was the first to recognize unions
Unions won the right to strike in the 1870s
A strike is where members of a union refuse to work in order to pressure an employer into meeting their demands
Unions will make considerable progress in making the living and working conditions better

29. In 1832 the British Parliament produced the Sadler Report
It described the abuses in factories and coal mines
Parliament also passed laws that limited work hours for adults and children
Factory Act of 1833 – children had to be older than nine to be able to work in factories