1. THEME: WATER AND ENERGY FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH
India water week 2017
THEME: WATER AND ENERGY FOR INCLUSIVE GROWTH
SMART CITIES AND WATER CHALLENGES
Tanu Jindal
(Professor and Director)
Amity Institute of Environmental Science, Amity Institute of
Environmental Toxicology, SAfety and Management, AMITY INSTITIUTE OF Water technology AND management, Amity center for Antarctica research and studies
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida

2. Why is it so critical to address this issue in Asia?
More than 75% of the countries in the region are experiencing serious water insecurity, with many facing imminent water crises (Asian Water Development Outlook, 2013)
Around 1.7 billion people in Asia without access to modern sanitation systems
About 780 million people in the region still practice open defecation and 80% of wastewater is discharged with little or no treatment
Lack of access to safe water and sanitation are among poverty indicators which are no longer measured only in terms of GDP

3. Major issues of rapid and unplanned urbanization
Lack of hygiene
Lack of access to safe drinking water
Sanitation
More than 60% of households live without safe, piped water supply and improved sanitation (Health in the Post-2015, Development Agenda for Asia and the Pacific)
Many urban dwellers in major population centers, including Manila, Jakarta, Dhaka, and New Delhi, lack access to modern sanitation, making them more vulnerable to waterborne diseases

4. Drinking Water Scenario in India
Rural
Large population is still dependent on unsafe sources of water which are highly polluted, for direct consumption for eg. Rivers, lakes, ponds and tube wells
Urban
India is doing better than many other countries in the world for drinking water through treated pipe water supply

5. Urgent need for Sanitation and Water Policy in India
India continues to be a country with the highest number of people (597 million people) i.e. approximately 60% of the world data practicing open defecation (OD) (WHO, UNICEF, 2014)

6. Low Developing Countries(LDC’s)
Population OD
India
Low Developing Countries(LDC’s)
Urban
12% 6%
Rural
65%
30%
India has made “moderate” progress in reducing open defecation rates among its population and has succeeded in providing access to improved drinking water to more people in urban and rural areas
The 31 per cent reduction in open defecation in India alone significantly influences regional and global estimates (Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2015 update and MDG Assessment, UNICEF and World Health Organization)

7. Ministry of Earth Sciences
Study of contamination of soil and water through heavily loaded unlined drains in Delhi
The project work was planned specially keeping in view the problem of groundwater contamination in Indian context through unlined drains which are over loaded, with sewage waste from huge urban population and also waste from industries, lysimetric studies are important to know the possible sources and types of groundwater contamination through leaching

9. Nine major drains were selected in Delhi for the study:
Nazafgarh
Khyber pass
Qudasia Bagh/Mori Gate
Delhi Gate
Barapulla
Maharani Bagh
Kalkaji
Okhla
Shahdara

10. SAMPLING SHAHDARA DRAIN OKHLA DRAIN MAHARANI BAGH DRAIN
DELHI GATE DRAIN
KHYBER PASS DRAIN
MORI GATE DRAIN
KALKAJI DRAIN
NAZAFGARH DRAIN
BARAPULLA DRAIN

11. Temperature, Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids
 Samples
Temperature
Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm)
Total Dissolved Solid (mg/l)
Ground
water
Drain Leachate
Najafgarh
25.7±2.1
23.0±4.1 ns
597±46.12
3990± b
258±21.71
2962± a
Okhla
25.6±1.4
23.1±2.5 ns
841±74.45
21489± a
375±22.55
13924± a
Shahdara
25.0±2.3
26.1±2.4 ns
1609±112.26
5804± a
764±15.76
4410.5±55.02 a
Khyberpass
25.7±2.4
25.4±3.6 ns
1089±132.46
2661±234.47b
488±26.42
± a
Mori gate
26.1±2.1
23.8±2.0 ns
1321±45.32
12420± a
604±48.65
8318± a
Delhi gate
25.8±3.4
24.4±3.1 ns
1617±123.45
9175± a
776±56.36
5978.5± a
Barapullah
25.0±5.4
24.8±2.8 ns
1447±97.38
34700± c
664±54.69
4508± a
Maharanibagh
24.1±1.4
24.3±4.7 ns
1908±245.95
7440± a
921±86.48
3816± a
Kalkaji
25.6±1.3
26.0±3.2 ns
1256±140.75
34600± a
577±48.96
4458± a
Limit- Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), (mg L-1)- 1500, Temperature and Electrical Conductivity- No Standard

12. Total Hardness, Turbidity and BOD Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l
 Samples 
Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l
Turbidity (NTU)
27 deg C for 3 days
Groundwater
Drain Leachate
Ground
water
Najafgarh
302.47±27.44
1030.2±94.52 a
6.0±1.21
2.55±0.12 a
0.1±0.02
68.0±9.15ns
Okhla
222.24±19.41
5010.5± a
3.0±0.96
9.86±2.41 a
1.3±0.08
104.5±8.28ns
Shahdara
425.96±36.63
2860.7± a
2.5±0.85
25.15±6.85c
1.8±0.34
81.5±8.22ns
Khyberpass
351.88±19.53
± a
4.5±1.42
9.4±2.36 a
1.56±0.24
83.10±9.56b
Mori gate
407.44±28.44
3241± a
3.4±0.56
18.75±4.15ns
1.76±0.12
100. 5±6.12 a
Delhi gate
457.44±31.62
2731± a
4.6±1.32
2.45±0.42 a
2.0±0.26
243±14.26 a
Barapullah
333.36±19.23
2592.8± a
3.0±1.10
12.6±2.52ns
1.24±0.34
92.48±7.08 a
Maharanibagh
185.2±11.68
7185± a
6.4±1.84
15.5±3.65 a
1.89±0.11
96.30±8.16b
Kalkaji
351.88±27.39
2870.6± a
2.8±0.36
2.6±0.66 a
2.1±0.09
72.0±9.39 a
WHO limit- Total Hardness (as CaCO3), ( mg L-1)- 500; Turbidity (NTU)-10; Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), (mg L-1)- 2

13. Chemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate and Nitrite
Sample
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)
Nitrate (as NO3)
Nitrite (NO2)
Ground
water
Drain Leachate
Najafgarh
7.12±1.21
280.22±18.13ns
0.09±0.01
131.79±10.57 a
3.22±0.22
0.10±0.02 a
Okhla
4.51±0.58
402.25±22.35b
13.04±0.23
1306±44.25 a
0.09±0.00
29.75±2.34 a
Shahdara
3.81±0.48
382.5±13.48 a
20.46±2.14
201.15±15.42b
0.41±0.03
4.25±0.79 b
Khyberpass
4.28±0.75
285.21±14.28 a
19.35±3.52
88.20±7.26 a
2.74±0.56 a
Mori gate
3.9±0.23
363.5±17.64 a
51.65±6.19
597.45±27.89 a
130.23±4.55 a
Delhi gate
4.7±0.68
48.5±4.01 a
0.12±0.0
123.29±19.89 a
0.59±0.13 a
Barapullah
5.0±0.75
310.0±16.87 a
132.19±11.07
471.23±34.18 a
1.68±0.05
4.44±0.68 a
Maharanibagh
4.78±0.40
481.45±23.16 a
96.3±14.25
752.8±46.89 a
0.05±0.0
18.08±2.10 a
Kalkaji
8.45±0.68
242.62±16.92 a
18.16±1.41
± a
0.08±0.0
4.94±0.36 a
WHO limit- Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), (mg L-1)- 10; Nitrate (NO3), (mg L-1)- 45; Nitrites (NO2), (mg L-1)- 0.1

14. Total Coliform Count and Fecal Coliform Count
Sample
Total Coliform Count (MPN/100ml)
Fecal Coliform Count (MPN/100ml)
Groundwater
Drain leachate
Najafgarh
2.99
4.81
1.60
4.39
Okhla
1.91
4.91
1.17
4.68
Shahdara
2.87
4.85
2.16
4.56
Khyberpass
4.05
3.83
Mori gate
2.72
4.14
1.30
3.93
Delhi gate
2.15
4.44
1.41
4.13
Barapullah
2.65
4.54
0.95
4.10
Maharanibagh
2.07
4.45
1.28
4.26
Kalkaji
4.25
3.99
WHO limit- Total Coliform Count (TC)- Zero, Fecal Coliform Count (FC)- Zero

15. Heavy metals detected

16. Recommendations
Lining of the drain through concrete would cut the leaching of contaminants
Installing Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) at the sewer before sewage release into drains would further prevent overloading of drains with contaminants
Effluent Treatment Plants by industries must be enforced and checked strictly to avoid the release of toxic chemicals in drains

17. Zero Discharge of Effluent
Domestic Use
STP
ETP & STP treated water
Fresh Water
Process Use
ETP
Tertiary Treatment
Use for Horticulture

18. The government could also consider subsidizing sanitation projects at the level of individuals or community and also play a bigger role
providing community latrines like toilet blocks
distribution of soaps
inculcating hygienic habits starting from school children
Projects like Sulabh need to be encouraged further and strengthened
The private corporate sector can also be tapped to participate in this endeavor through resources under CSR
Only then by 2019, we can fulfill our dream of every household having total sanitation

19. Principles of ecosanitation
closing the loop
between sanitation and agriculture
FOOD
NUTRIENTS
Pathogen destruction

20. Ministry of Environment and Forests
Surface and groundwater contamination through indiscriminate use of Agrochemicals (pesticides) use
-Rice -Cotton
-Vegetables

21. Farmers use higher doses ignoring the prescribed dosages assuming that the pesticide formulations are either adulterated or do not have the prescribed active ingredient of optimum quantity
This leads to severe contamination of the soil besides the agricultural produce may carry high pesticide residues
Heavy use of pesticide may contaminate the nearby streams by runoff water and also leach down to contaminate the groundwater
Farmers also use banned pesticides which are easily available and are cheap

22. Area study and Site selection
Crop
Pesticide Usage
Area
Sites
River
Vegetable 9%
Delhi
Yamuna Khaddar
Yamuna
Rice
29%
Noida
Badoli Banger
Hindon
Cotton
27%
Sirsa
Punjuwan
Ghaggar

23. 23

24. Percentage of Pesticide Contamination In Surface water and Groundwater
Pesticides
Vegetable
Rice
Cotton GW SW
Organochlorine Pesticide (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, Endosulfan-I, Endosulfan-II, Endosulfansulfate, Dicofol, p, p’DDE and p,p’ DDT )
31.2%
45%
31.9%
61.1%
65.2%
91.6%
Organophosphate Pesticide (Phorate, Dimethoate, Phosphamedion, Methyl Parathion, Malathion, Chlorpyriphos, Quinalaphos, Profenophos, Ethion)
19.4%
25%
13.8%
52.7%
All
Synthetic Pyrethroids (β cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin, λ cyhalothrin, Alpha cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvelerate)
BDL
Herbicides (alachlor, fluchloralin, butachlor, pendimethalin)
43.7%
6.25%
12.5%
81.2%
75%
Percent samples contaminated through pesticides above MRL value
* BDL (Below Detectable Limit, GW - Groundwater and SW – Surface water

25. Recommendations
Rigorous legislation and regulations to control pesticides
Training programs for personnel to inspect and monitor the use
Extension services to farmers for judicious use of pesticides and awareness about the harmful levels of pesticides in the water which in turn adversely affect the environment and public health
If pesticides are ingested above MRL values, they are carcinogenic and also cause nausea, dizziness, confusion, respiratory paralysis, skin irritation and problem with the development of early childhood
Restricting the use of pesticides having higher potential for leaching beyond national regulatory levels
Proper quarantine needs to be imposed to check the sale of banned and adulterated pesticides

26. New pesticide molecules like synthetic pyrethroids that degrade easily should be made available at a cheaper rate to the farmers
Promotion for the use of integrated pest management methods need to be popularized amongst the farmers for the judicial use of pesticides along with cultural and mechanical control methods of pests
Promotion of organic farming in farmers to obsolete the use of pesticides
Popular articles to be published for public awareness for regarding the pesticide residues found in water and messages for the proper disinfection, filtration system through adsorption and boiling of the water

27. Department of Science and Technology
Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management
To study the dissipation, leaching and persistence of Chlorpyrifos in three types of soils with different pH
Chlorpyrifos is being used by pest controllers in buildings for termite control beyond the prescribed dosages of 1 L/M2 of 20% EC formulation (recommended by BIS) in India
Farmers use higher dosages of Chlorpyrifos out of their ignorance or due to adulterated pesticide available
It is a neurotoxin that presents particular dangers to the developing brains and bodies of children, unconsciousness, convulsions, and death can result with sufficient exposure
Department of Science and Technology

28. The area and site selected for the study were:
Soil
Texture pH
Area
Site
Neutral
Sandy loam
6.9
Delhi
Nazafgarh
Alkali
9.2
Haryana
KVK, Ujha village, Panipat
Acidic
5.5
Uttarakhand
KVK, Lohaghat, Champawat

29. Locality map of the study area for alkali soil sampling
Alkali Soil Site
Acidic Soil Site
Neutral Soil Site
Locality map of the study area for neutral soil sampling
Locality map of the study area for alkali soil sampling
Locality map of the study area for acidic soil sampling

30. Chlorpyrifos Residue Contamination In Leachate of Neutral, Acidic and Alkali Soil
pH of soil
Single dose treatment
Double dose treatment
Neutral (6.9)
37.74%
85.16%
Acidic (5.5)
51.52%
91.15%
Alkali (9.2)
35.31%
73.73%

31. Concentration of Chlorpyrifos in leachate for different formulations after treatment
WP-Wettable Powder
EC-Emulsifiable Concentration
WG- Wettable Granules
LC-Liquid Concentration
ME-Microencapsulation

32. Recommendations
Standardization of Chlorpyrifos dosages as per pH and texture of the soil
Encouraging the use of safer formulations like micro encapsulation and slow release which have low adverse impact on the environment

33. 34st India Scientific Expedition to Antarctica as part of the NCAOR programme on environmental monitoring
Environmental toxicological studies on Schirmacher (Maitri) station in Antarctic region

34. Environmental Science Courses at Amity
B.Sc. Environmental Sciences
Courses:
1. Environmental Pollution (It includes water pollution)
2. Waste Management
M.Sc. Environmental Sciences
1. Water and Waste Water Treatment Processes
2. Solid Waste management
Ph.D. Environmental Sciences
Courses: 
1. Aquatic Ecology
2. Advances in Water Quality & Management
3. Soil Pollution and Solid Waste Management

36. "Save earth
to bring worth  
                  
for the new birth"
THANK YOU