1. Unit 3 Transportation Systems
The IMMUNE System
Unit 3
Transportation Systems

2. Functions of the Immune System
Provide immunity to the body by protecting against disease
Identify and kill pathogens and tumor cells

3. Our 1st Line of Defense...
Physical barrier preventing microbial access
Skin
Mucous membranes
Physiological variables
pH of our environment
temperature of our environment
Chemical defenses
AND the IMMUNE SYSTEM…

4. The Invaders . . . Bacteria Viruses
Parasites such as fungi, protista, & worms

5. Structures of the Immune System

6. Tonsils Lymphoid tissue located on either side of the throat
Destroy harmful organisms that enter the body through the mouth
Types
Palatine - each side of the soft palate
Pharyngeal – in the nasopharynx
Lingual – at the back of the tongue

7. Lymph Nodes Filter or trap foreign particles Contain white blood cells
Found throughout the body
Lymph - thin watery fluid that forms when plasma enters into the tissue spaces

8. Spleen
Organ located behind the stomach and below the left side of the diaphragm
Produces leukocytes
Destroys RBCs and thrombocytes
Filters wastes from body tissues
Stores RBCs

9. Reviewing the Cells of the Immune System
Eosinophil
Erythrocyte
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
polymorph
Basophil

10. Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes: T Lymphocytes: T-Helper cells
Start in the bone marrow
Produce Antibodies
Called into action when stimulated by a foreign antigen, usually a protein from the invader
T Lymphocytes:
Help signal immune cells into action
Immunocompetence (maturation) occurs in thymus
Non-antibody producing cells
T-Helper cells
Function to stimulate B cells to activate their attack against the invaders

11. Phagocytes Macrophages (BIG Eaters) Neutrophils
Macrophages attacking a cancer cell

13. The Immune Response
When a foreign substance enters the body, antigens are produced which stimulate antibody production. These antibodies bind to an antigen and mark the antigen for destruction by other immune system cells

14. Macrophages and neutrophils circulate in the blood and survey the body for foreign substances. When they find foreign antigens, like bacteria, they engulf and destroy them. Macrophages and neutrophils destroy foreign antigens by making toxic molecules

15. T cells have molecules on their surface that help them recognize antigen fragments.
B cells make antibodies that bind to an antigen and marks it for destruction.
Memory B cells save this information for many years to keep the body prepared against future invasions.

16. Diseases and Careers
Immune System

17. AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Contagious disease compromising the immune system
Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Capable of becoming multi drug-resistant
AIDS is the final stage of the HIV infection
Average incubation period for AIDS development is 10 years from point of infection
Characterized by opportunistic infections
There is no cure

18. HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Affects T cells within the immune system
Attacks the RNA of the T cell
Causes the T cell to alter its DNA to become HIV
When the infected T cell replicates, the T cell creates more HIV

19. Lupus
Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder affecting many organ systems
Body’s defenses are turned against itself and immune cells attack healthy tissues

20. Mononucleosis Also known as the kissing disease
Infectious inflammatory disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
Most commonly affects young adults between the ages of 15 and 25

21. Careers
Microbiologist:a scientist who studies organisms called microbes. Microbes can take the form of bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The microbiologist is trained to study these microbes in depth. He or she must be familiar with the microbes' environments, how they live, and the effect they have on the world around them. $60,000 - $90,000. Graduate Degree
Epidemiologist: investigates and describes the determinants of disease, disability, and other health outcomes and develops the means for prevention and control. Epidemiologists may study many different diseases, such as tuberculosis, influenza, or cholera, often focusing on epidemics. >$90,000/year. Graduate Degree

22. Careers Continued
Ethicist: $60,000 – 90,000/year; Educational requirements: More than 4 years. Medical ethicists are professionals who specialize in giving ethical advice and recommendations in healthcare settings.