3. Chapter 1 section 2 science as a process

4. Starter

5. Objectives
methods
that
scientific
steps up
Identify
make
the

6. Objectives
Identify the steps that make up scientific methods.

7. Discussion Have you ever planted seeds?
Why different plants of the same species may grow at different rates?

8. Discussion Environmental variables influence how well a plant grow.
Soil
Nutrients
Water
Light
Air

9. The scientific method Video
the-scientific-method-steps-terms-examples_watermarked

10. Control and variables Video
identifying-interpreting-independent-dependent-variables_watermarked

11. Control and variables
A student wanted to test how the mass of a paper airplane affected the distance it would fly. Paper clips were added before each test flight. As each paper clip was added, the plane was tested to determine how far it would fly.

12. Control and variables
Two groups of students were tested to compare their speed working math problems. Each group was given the same problems. One group used calculators and the other group computed without calculators.

13. Control and variables
Students of different ages were given the same puzzle to assemble. The puzzle assembly time was measured.

14. Control and variables
An experiment was performed to determine how the amount of coffee grounds could affect the taste of coffee. The same kind of coffee, the same percolator, the same amount and type of water, the same perking time, and the same electrical sources were used.

15. Control and variables
Sam thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Group A is given the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. After an hour, Sam counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A made 1,587 stacks, Group B made 2,113 stacks.

16. Control and variables
Workers at a company were assigned to one of two conditions: One group completed a stress management training program; another group of workers did not participate in the training. The number of sick days taken by these workers was examined for the two subsequent months.

17. Control and variables
A comprehension test was given to students after they had studied textbook material either in silence or with the television turned on.

18. Control and variables
Students at a University were split into two groups and each received a different text for a philosophy course. Once group received a traditional text book, while the other received an interactive textbook on a tablet computer. After the course, the final exam marks between the two groups of students was compared.

19. Period 2

22. The scientific method Video
bacon-descartes-the-scientific-method_watermarked

23. Control and variables

24. Activity Instructions 1. Give each pair one scenario.
2. Ask the pair to design and experiment to answer the experimental question.
3. Students should identify a control group, dependent and independent variables and possible outcomes or what type of data would be gathered.
Note: You will not actually be performing these experiments.
4. Either turn in your design on paper or do a mini-presentation to the class.

26. Period 3

29. International system of units

31. Accuracy
Suppose your friend Simon tells you that he will call you in one minute, but he calls you a minute and a half later. Sarah tells you that she will call you in one minute, and she calls exactly 60 seconds later. What is the difference?

32. Accuracy and Precision

33. Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value. For example, if in lab you obtain a weight measurement of 3.2 kg for a given substance, but the actual or known weight is 10 kg, then your measurement is not accurate. In this case, your measurement is not close to the known value.

34. Accuracy and Precision
Precision refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other. Using the example above, if you weigh a given substance five times, and get 3.2 kg each time, then your measurement is very precise. Precision is independent of accuracy. You can be very precise but inaccurate, as described above. You can also be accurate but imprecise.

35. Accuracy and Precision
For example, if on average, your measurements for a given substance are close to the known value, but the measurements are far from each other, then you have accuracy without precision.

36. Accuracy and Precision
A good analogy for understanding accuracy and precision is to imagine a basketball player shooting baskets. If the player shoots with accuracy, his aim will always take the ball close to or into the basket. If the player shoots with precision, his aim will always take the ball to the same location which may or may not be close to the basket. A good player will be both accurate and precise by shooting the ball the same way each time and each time making it in the basket. 

37. Accuracy and Precision

38. Accuracy and Precision
Student A has the most accurate data
Student C has the most precise data

40. Error
Error is an expression of the amount of imprecision or variation in a set of measurements.
Example:
Imagine that the average length of all the ears of corn in a field is 23 cm, and 90% of the ears are within 3 cm of the average length.
A scientist may report that the average length of all the ears of corn in a field is cm with 90% confidence.

41. Models
A model is a description, representation or imitation of an object, system, process or concept.
Types:
Physical model
Maps and charts
Conceptual model
Mathematical model
Computer model

42. Physical model
3 D model that can be touched

43. Maps and charts
Examples of graphical models

44. Conceptual model
Verbal model that represent how a system works or organized

45. Mathematical model
Mathematical equations that represent the way a system or a process works

46. Computer model
Kind of mathematical model that use the high speed and efficiency of a computer to make calculations and display results.

47. Period 4

50. Maps in Action Activity

51. Graphing Skills Activity

52. Directed Reading Worksheet