1. Presentation on Antibiotics & its Resistance
Presented by:
Mr. Piyush Yadav
Asstt. Professor
Prasad Institute of Technology
Department of Pharmacy
Jaunpur

2. Key points :
What is Antibiotics ? Classification of Antibiotics Use of Antibiotics Misuse of Antibiotics Antibiotic Resistances and Cross Resistances Antibiotics side effects Mistreatment of Doctors Unconsciousness of Patients What is the Rules of Pharmacist My Opinions

3. Antibiotics :
Substance (such as penicillin) that destroys or inhibits the growth of other pathogenic microorganisms and is used in the treatment of external or internal infections.
While some antibiotics are produced by microorganisms, most are now manufactured synthetically

4. Classification of antibiotics :
Antibiotics are classified several ways.
On the basis of mechanism of action
On the basis of spectrum of activity
On the basis of mode of action

5. On the basis of mechanism of action:
Cell Wall Synthesis inhibitors:
DNA Synthesis Inhibitors
Penicillins Cephalosporins Vancomycin Beta-lactamase Inhibitors Polymycin Bacitracin
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) Metronidazole
RNA synthesis Inhibitors
Rifampin
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Mycolic Acid synthesis inhibitors
Inhibit 30s Subunit Aminoglycosides (gentamycin) Tetracyclines Inhibit 50s Subunit Macrolides Chloramphenicol Clindamycin
Isoniazid
Folic Acid synthesis inhibitors
Sulfonamides Trimethoprim
Streptogramins

6. On the basis of mechanism of action:

7. On the basis of spectrum activity :
Broad spectrum antibiotics :
Amoxicillin
Tetracycline
Cephalosporin
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Short spectrum antibiotics:
Penicillin –G
Cloxacillin
Vancomycin
Bacitracin
Fluxacillin

8. On the basis of mode of action:
Bacteriostatic antibiotics
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Lincomycin
Bacteriocidal antibiotics
Cephalosporin
Penicillin
Aminoglycosides
Cotrimoxazole

9. Antibiotics indications:
Pneumonia
Diphtheria
Sepsis
Gynecologic Infections
Meningitis
Syphilis
Osteomyelitis
Respiratory Infections
Urinogenital Infections
ENT Infections
Gall Infections
Fungous Infections
Quinsy
Skin Infections
Mucous Membrane Infections
Scarlet Fever

10. Misuse of antibiotics :
Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse.
The misuse or overuse of antibiotics, may produce serious effects on health.
It is a contributing factor to the creation of multidrug-resistant bacteria, informally called "super bugs" relatively harmless bacteria can develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections.

11. Antibiotics resistance
If the concentration of drug requires to inhibit or kill the microorganism is greater than normal use then the microorganism is considered to be resistant to the drug. OR
The ability of a microorganism to produce a protein that disables an antibiotic or prevents transport of the antibiotic into the cell.      

12. Cross-resistance
Cross-resistance to a particular antibiotic that often results in resistance to other antibiotics, usually from a similar chemical class, to which the bacteria may not have been exposed.
Cross-resistance can occur, for example, to both colistin and polymyxin B or to both clindamycin and lincomycin.

13. Mistreatment of Doctor

14. Inappropriate prescription :
In an analysis of prescribing practices in teaching hospitals worldwide, more than 40 %
of all antimicrobials prescribed were considered inappropriate.
Antibiotic resistance comes mainly because of inappropriate or improper use of antibiotics by physicians.   Some 150 million prescriptions are written annually in the USA   And   Of those, 50 million are absolutely unnecessary or inappropriate”.

15. Doctor’s are bound to prescribe the antibiotics
Mr: Don’t forget to take one of our antibiotics free sample before you leave the hospital
Free sample
Doctor’s are bound to prescribe the antibiotics

16. You should avoid it ,don’t take antibiotics without prescription.
You get a fever. You have diarrhoea. You catch a cold. Take a couple of antibiotics (Amoxicillin ,Azithromycin)
You should avoid it ,don’t take antibiotics without prescription.

18. But many doctors/quacks prescribed antibiotics in viral diseases without test.
Viral illness needs time to heal, antibiotic can not help to cure this illness.

19. Antibiotics side effects:
The most common side effects of antibiotics :
Diarrhoea
Bloating and indigestion
Abdominal pain
Loss of appetite
Being sick
Feeling sick
Itchy skin rash
Coughing
life-threatening allergic reaction

20. Unconsciousness of Patient
Without proper direction the patient take the drug.
They do not maintain the dosage intervals and complete the dose.
Patient stop the drug when feel better.

21. What Is The Rules Of Pharmacist
The pharmacist should review the previous diseases history of the patient
Hypersensitivity reaction of Drug
Drug-drug interaction
Exact dose and frequency of the drug
When the drug should be taken before or after meal
Suggest not to stop the antibiotics without complete the course even feel better

22. My Opinion
The doctor must be concern about the disease whether it viral or bacterial.
They should not prescribed the drug without test or over sure .
The pharmacist should also more conscious about the dose ,drug interaction, resistant and hypersensitivity of the drug .
The patient should strictly maintain the suggestion of the pharmacist.

23. Thank you