1. Two special classes of compounds
Acids and Bases
Two special classes of compounds

2. Elements
Contain a single kind of atom

3. Compounds Substances that are chemically formed
They have physical and chemical properties that are different from the elements that make them up.
They are formed as the result of a chemical reaction.

4. Hydrogen (an explosive gas) and oxygen (an explosive gas) combine to form the compound water (a harmless liquid). Here, the hydrogen gas in the zeppelin SS Hindenburg reacts with oxygen in the air to make water.
Source: Photo courtesy of the US Navy,

5. Acids and Bases
Acids and bases are special classes of compounds that exhibit common chemical properties.

6. Acids and Bases Acids and Bases can be helpful or harmful.
Acids and bases can be weak or strong.
YOU MUST ALWAYS BE CAREFUL WHEN WORKING WITH ANY CHEMICALS!

7. Characteristics of Acids
Have a sour taste (never taste an unknown!)
They have Hydrogen atoms which have given up their electron, making them positive ions. (H+)
They turn blue litmus paper red
They react with metals to release Hydrogen gas.

8. 3 protons (+) and 3 electrons (-) = neutral charge
What is an ion?
An ion is an atom that has lost or gained an electron giving it a positive (+) or negative (-) charge.
3 protons (+) and 3 electrons (-) = neutral charge
Atoms don’t like having a non full outer shell, so this atom will give away its one valence electron making it 3+ and 2- for an overall 1+ charge, making it a positive ion.

9. USES OF ACIDS
Citric acid and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) are found in orange juice
Carbonic acid and phosphoric acid give a “bite” to soft drinks
Acids in your stomach aid in digestion
Sulfuric acid is the most widely used industrial acid in the world. It is used in making metals, paper, paints, and fertilizers.

10. Characteristics of Bases
Have a bitter taste (never taste an unknown!)
They feel slippery
They have Hydroxide (OH) compounds which have taken on an electron, making them negative ions. (OH-)
They turn red litmus paper blue
They do not react with metals.

11. Uses of Bases Bases are used in soaps (remember, bases are slippery)
Bases are used to make paper, in oven cleaners, and to unclog drains
Ammonia is a base and is used in many household cleaners

13. Detecting Acids and Bases
You can detect an acid using an indicator.
INDICATOR - A substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base.

14. INDICATORS Litmus paper is an indicator
An acid turns blue litmus paper red
A base turns red litmus paper blue
Universal test papers can identify acids and bases
Cabbage juice can also be used as an indicator. The juice should turn pink in acidic solutions, and green/blue/yellow in basic solutions.

15. How do we measure the strength of an acid or base?
Use the pH (Powers of Hydrogen) scale

16. pH scale Acids and Bases are ranked on a pH scale.
0-6.9 = acids, lots of H+ ions
= bases, lots of OH- ions

17. Lots of H+ = Acid = low pH Lots of OH- = Base = high pH
What happens if you have a perfect balance of H+ and OH-?
HOH
Or H2O
Water!

18. Pure Water (H2O) is a perfect balance of the H+ ions and OH- ions
Pure water is a 7 on the pH scale, it is called Neutral

19. Common products and pH range

20. Summary of Characteristics of Acid and Base Compounds

21. Question #1
Lemon juice has a pH of Is it an acid or a base?
acid

22. Question #2
Detergents such as Tide have a pH of about 10. Is Tide an acid or a base?
base

23. Question #3 Seawater has a pH of 8.2. Is seawater an acid or a base?

24. Question #4
The inside of your mouth has a pH of 7. Is it an acid or a base?
neutral

25. Question #5 How do you think we came up with the term “acid rain”?
Rain water has a pH less than 7

26. Question #6
409 cleaner contains ammonia that has a pH of 12. What will 409 do to red litmus paper?
Turn blue

27. Question #7
A soft drink has a pH of What will it do to a piece of red litmus paper?
Stay red

28. Question #8 What is a physical or chemical property of an acid?
Tastes sour, has a pH below 7, turns litmus paper red, produces H+ ions

29. Question #9 What is a physical or chemical property of a base?
Tastes bitter, feels slippery, has a pH above 7, turns litmus paper blue, produces OH- ions

30. Question #10 What is a physical or chemical property of water?
Liquid at room temperature, colorless, has a pH of 7 (is neutral)

31. pH of Everyday Substances
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

32. Practice Acid/Base experiments
Magic tricks with Acids and Bases

33. Demo acid and base testing
Goggles on
Tear a piece of red litmus paper into three pieces and put them in the tray.
Tear a piece of blue litmus paper into three pieces and put them in the tray.
Tear a piece of orange universal pH paper into three pieces and put them in the tray.
Drop vinegar on the first row (an acid)
Drop water on the second row (neutral)
Drop ammonia on the third row (a base)
Make observations
Clean up
Vinegar
Water
Ammonia