1. Practical E-Payment Scheme
Author: Mohammad Al-Fayoumi, Sattar Aboud, and Mustafa Al-Fayoumi.
Source: International Journal of Computer Science Issues, 2010, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp
Presenter: Tsuei-Hung Sun (孫翠鴻)
Date: 2010/12/17

2. Outline Introduction Motivation Scheme Security Analysis
Performance Evaluation
Advantage vs. Weakness
Comment

3. Introduction PayWord Protocol Credit-base Off-line scheme
R. Rivest, A. Shamir, 1996, “PayWord and MicroMint: two simple micropayment schemes,” Proceedings of the International Workshop on Security Protocols, LNCS Vol. 1189, pp
Introduction
PayWord Protocol
Credit-base
Off-line scheme
Using RSA public key cryptography and hash chain.
Decreasing the number of on-line connections between Bank and Merchant.
因為他不是每筆交易完就去跟Bank換錢,而是在一天交易結束後,直接拿最後一次更新的 Index payword去換,所已Customer 跟 Merchant 之間的交易並不需要每次都到Bank在回來,才完成交易
seed 的是代表全部的 random number xi, i=1,…,n 滿足 xi = h(xi+1)
root: x0

4. PayWord Protocol Customer Bank Merchant MU = (IDM,CU,w0, EC,IM)PVU
(PKU,PVU)
Generates hash chain = (w0, w1, …, wn)
wi = h(wi+1), i = n-1, n-2, …, 0
MU = (IDM,CU,w0, EC,IM)PVU
CU = (IDB,IDU,AU,PKU,EU,IU)PVB
P = (wi,i)
Payword chain 是由 Customer 產生的
IU: certificate serial number, credit limits to be applied per vendor, information on how to contact the broker, broker/vendor terms and conditions
Bank
(PKB,PVB)
Merchant
MU,P = (wi,i)
CU: Customer‘s certificate published by the Bank. IDB: Bank’s ID. IDU: Customer’s ID.
AU: Customer’s delivery address. EU: Expiration date. IU: Other information about Customer.
MU: Customer’s commitment for Merchant. IDM: Merchant identity.
W0: Root of payword chain. EC: Present date. IM: Merchant’s information.

5. Motivation Each payword chain is spent only to a specific Merchant.
Customer need to generate hash chain as many as the number of merchants he want to trade with.
Not providing anonymity for Customer.
Proposing a new blind signature scheme using discrete logarithm problem.
因為每個Payword chain 都是有指定廠商使用的,所跟幾個廠商交易就要有幾個 payword chain,並且記錄最後一個index

6. Scheme Bank Customer Select 1. prime integer p and generator g
2. private key d, 1 < d < p-2
3. random integer z < p-2
Select random integer v and u.
Compute y = gd mod p
e, f
Publish (y,g,p) and keep d in secret. z
Pick a random integer c.
Find a
Find
a-1, j
Verify
Signature (e,w,x)
e: represents an upper limit of cash that the user can use.

7. Security Analysis Forgery Detection Short public key attack
It is almost unfeasible to forge Customer’s payment without knowing Bank’s private key d.
It is computationally intractable to obtain Bank’s private key without solving the discrete logarithm problem.
Short public key attack
Every signature is being randomized by certain random numbers.
所以attack沒辦法偽造Customer的簽章

8. Performance Evaluation
Table 1: Computations of efficacy in blinding scheme
Protocol Name
Blinding Scheme
The pay-word protocol
5Th + 9Ta + 5Tm
Proposed protocol
4Th + 8Ta + 4Tm
Th: Calculation time for hash function operation
Ta: Calculation time for addition in modular multiplication
Tm: Calculation time for multiplication modular exponentiation

9. Advantage vs. Weakness Advantage Weakness
More efficient than the payword protocol.
It is fast to verify the signature.
Guarantee the payment is untraceable.
Weakness
Using discrete logarithm is still takes more computing time.
More complex than the payword protocol.
可能會造成顧客的負擔，因為顧客的計算量很多

10. Comment The payword chain is generated by Customer.
The cash can be verified with both Bank’s and Customer’s information.
The scheme only reduce a little computing time but it bring more parameters and step than the payword protocol.
The offline payword protocol bring fewer cost then online one.
所以銀行只需要做盲簽章就行了，不用在去弄hash chain
因為離線方式商家只需一天一次全不提交給銀行去兌現，不像上線需一直重複的驗證並贖回