1. Orthogonal and Oblique cutting

2. Pure orthogonal cutting

3. Causes of chip flow deviation

4. Restricted cutting edge

5. Effect of tool nose radius

6. Effect of inclination angle

7. Effective rake angle

9. Effects of oblique cutting
chip flow deviates from orthogonal plane
affects transverse force irrespective of Φ
affects effective rake, hence forces
affects chips cross section and shape
force analysis becomes complex
affects tool life

11. Mechanism of chip formation in machining ductile materilas

15. Mechanism of chip formation in machining brittle materials

16. Orthogonal machining

17. Kronenberg’s model

18. Cutting strain

19. Built-up-edge formation

20. Characteristics of BUE

22. Need and purpose of chip-breaking
Principles of chip-breaking

23. Self breaking of chips

24. Forced chip breaking

28. Parallel step type in-built chip breaker

31. Chip breakers in solid HSS tools

34. Cutting force component

35. Cutting forces in drilling

36. Cutting forces in milling

37. Merchant circle diagram

39. For brittle material

40. For ductile materials

42. Friction force and normal force

43. Relationship between velocities
V = Cutting velocity
Vs = Shear velocity
Vc = Chip velocity

44. Question: In an orthogonal cutting test with a tool of rake angle 10º, the following
observations were made:
Chip-thickness ratio = 0.3
Horizontal component of the cutting force = 1290 N
Vertical component of the cutting force = 1650 N
From the Merchant’s theory, calculate the various components of the cutting forces and
the coefficient of friction at the chip-tool interface.
Ans: F = N
N = N
µ =
β = 62°
R = N
Fs = N
Ns = N

45. Measurement of cutting forces

50. Turning dynamometer

51. Drilling dynamometer

53. Milling dynamometer

54. Grinding dynamometer