1. Lesson objectives Starter: Identifing different types of validity
Last lesson week’s key study was Loftus & Palmer (1974).
This lesson you need to demonstrate that you know this study well enough to describe and evaluate it.
You will also practice ‘PEE ing’ using the materials you made last week.
You will use a mark scheme to identify how your own exam answers could be improved.
Some of you will improve your ‘Pee ing’ power point by adding additional evaluation issues and descriptions .

2. What is EWT?
An eye witness is anyone who has witnessed an event (usually a crime).
Testimony is a statement given by the witness as an account of what happened.

3. Outline the findings (r +/or c) of Loftus & Palmer (1974)
Now look at the mark scheme

4. The critical question was
How fast were the cars going when they
Smashed
Collided
Bumped
Hit
Contacted
each other?

5. Results Smashed 40.8 mph Collided 39 mph Bumped 38 mph Hit 34 mph
Contacted mph
So what can be concluded from these findings?
Learn these mph difference between the 2

6. Evaluate Loftus & Palmer (1974) in terms of validity
Consider which validity you will comment on External or Internal or both? Explain what the evaluation issue means and why it matters……… (EXPLANATION) In terms of the study – is validity a strength or a weakness of Loftus & Palmer (1974)? (POINT) Explain why it is a strength or a weakness of Loftus & Palmer (1974) by providing a suitable example from the study…be specific…tie your answer to the study (EVIDENCE)

7. Evaluate Loftus & Palmer (1974) in terms of reliability
Explain what the evaluation issue means and why it matters……… (EXPLANATION)
In terms of the study – is RELIABILITY a strength or a weakness of Loftus & Palmer (1974)? (POINT)
Explain why it is a strength or a weakness of Loftus & Palmer (1974) by providing a suitable example from the study…be specific…tie your answer to the study (EVIDENCE)
Now look at the mark scheme

8. Identify 5 strengths of EWT lab based research

9. Identify 5 problems of EWT lab based research

10. What do we know about factors that can affect the reliability of EWT?
5 mins

11. From our understanding of memory
Reconstructive memory
Schema driven errors (Carmichael)
Reconstructive hypothesis (Bartlett)
Effect of leading words/questions
Other factors
Weapon focus
Effects of anxiety/arousal
Age of witness
Post event information

12. Reconstructive Memory
Bartlett (1932)
Memory is not a direct record of what was witnessed.
What is encoded and how it is retrieved depends on:
Information already stored in memory (schemas)
How this info is understood, structured and organised.

13. Reconstructive Memory
Schemas
Knowledge structures that relate to commonly encountered objects, situations or people
Enable us to predict events, make sense of unfamiliar circumstances, organise our own behaviour
Act as filters to perception & recall

14. Carmichael (1932)
Input
Output
Schema
‘Pickaxe’
‘Turf cutter’

15. Computer Information Processing
BANG!
Can you wreck a nice beach?

16. Schema Driven Processing
Yes. I can recognise speech.
Can you wreck a nice beach?

17. EWT: Schema Driven Errors
Witnesses to crimes filter information during acquisition & recall
Their schematic understanding may influence how info is both stored & retrieved
Distortions may occur without the witness realising

18. EWT: Schema Driven Errors
Past experiences
Assumptions about what usually happens
Stereotypes & beliefs about crime & criminals