1. Module 7: Skin Structure, Growth and Nutrition

2. Anatomy of the Skin
Dermatology - The medical branch of science that deals with the study of skin and its nature, structure, functions, disease, and treatment
Dermatologist – is a physician engaged in the science of treating the skin, its structures, functions and diseases.
Esthetician – is a specialist in the cleansing, preservation of health and beautification of the skin and body.

3. Cosmetologists are not allowed:
To diagnose
Prescribe
Provide treatments for :
Abnormal conditions
Illnesses
Diseases

4. Largest Organ of the body
3,000 square inches
6 - 9 lbs.
Slightly moist
Soft
Flexible
Texture – ideally smooth and fine grained
Slightly acidic

5. Immune responses react quickly to touch Appendages
Hair
Nails
Sebaceous glands
Sudoriferous glands

6. Skin Thinnest - eyelids Thickest – soles of feet and palms of hands
Callus – continued pressure can cause skin to thicken
Scalp – larger, deeper follicles to accommodate longer hair
Did you know boxes – page 155

7. Two Main Divisions Epidermis – Outer most layer Cuticle Scarf skin
Thinnest layer
Protective covering for body
Contains no blood vessels
Has many nerve endings

8. Layers of Epidermis Stratum Corneum – outer layer –
scale-like cells continuously shed and replaced by cells coming to the surface from underneath
Keratin – protein
Cells combine with a thin layer of lipids (fats/oils) to make a protective water-proof layer
Stratum Lucidum- clear, transparent layer – small cells through which light can pass

9. Stratum Granulosum – cells that look like distinct granules
Cells die, pushed to surface, replace cells being shed from stratum corneum
Stratum Spinosum
Spiny layer
Beginning of process that causes skin cells to shed

10. Stratum Germinativum – basal or Malpighian layer
Deepest layer of Epidermis
Several layers of different-shaped cells
Live layer - Responsible for the growth of the Epidermis
Contains a dark skin pigment (melanin)
Melanocytes – produce melanin which determines skin color
Did you know box – page 156

11. Dermis Underlying or innermost layer 25 times thicker than Epidermis
Derma, corium, cutis or true skin
25 times thicker than Epidermis
Within its structure
Blood vessels - Nerves
Lymph vessels - Sweat Glands
Oil glands - Hair follicles
Arrector pili muscles – goose bumps
Papillae – small coned shaped projections of elastic tissue that point upward into the epidermis

12. Two layers of Dermis Papillary Layer
Outer layer, lies directly beneath the epidermis
Papillae located here
Tactile corpuscles – structures with nerve endings that are sensitive to touch and pressure
Melanin
Joins the Epidermal – dermal Junction

13. Did you Know – page 156 Reticular Layer
Deeper layer that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients
Fat cells
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels
Oil glands
Sweat glands
Hair follicles
Arrector pili muscles
Did you Know – page 156

14. Subcutaneous Layer Fatty layer found below the dermis
Tissue called adipose or subcutis
Varies in thickness according to
Age
Sex
General health
Gives smoothness and contour to the body
Contains fat for use for energy
Acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin

15. Fluids of the Skin Blood delivers nutrients and oxygen to the skin
Contribute essential materials for:
Life
Repair (of skin, hair and nails)
Growth
Nourishment

16. Lymph Clear fluid Colorless corpuscles Bathe skin cells
Remove toxins and cellular waste
Immune functions help protect body and skin

17. Nerves of the Skin Motor Nerves – Sensory Nerves –
attached to the arrector pili muscles
Carry impulses from brain to muscles
Sensory Nerves –
React to cold, touch, pressure, pain
Receptors send messages to the brain

18. Secretory Nerves – Distributes to oil and sweat glands
Autonomic Nervous System
Regulate the excretion of perspiration from the sweat glands
Control the flow of sebum to the surface of the skin
Sense of Touch
Nerve endings register basic sensations – touch, pain, heat, cold, pressure
Nerve endings most abundant in the fingertips

19. Skin Color Melanin – tiny grains of coloring matter
Distinctive color of skin is a hereditary trait
Varies among nationalities and races
Pheomelanin – red – yellow
Eumelanin – dark brown - black
Melanin protects sensitive cells against strong light rays

20. Strength and Flexibility of the Skin
Skin gets its strength, form, flexibility from two specific structures of flexible protein fibers
Make up 70% of the dermis
Collagen –
Fibrous protein that gives skin form and strength
Helps give structural support by holding together all the structures found in this layer
Allow skin to stretch and contract
If fiber become weakened – lose its tone and suppleness

21. Did You Know? pp.157 & 159 Elastin – interwoven with collagen
Protein base similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue
Gives skin its flexibility and elasticity
Helps skin regain its shape
Both fiber important to the overall health and appearance of skin
As we age, fibers naturally weaken, causing a kind of wrinkling and sagging
Most signs of aging are cause by sun exposure over a lifetime
Did You Know? pp.157 & 159

22. Glands of the Skin Sudoriferous Glands Sweat glands
Excrete perspiration
Detoxify body by excreting excess salt & unwanted chemicals
Fundus – secretary coiled base
Tube-like duct that ends on the skin surface to form sweat pore
Most numerous on palms of hands and soles of feet

23. Regulates body temperature
Eliminates waste
Controlled by the nervous system
1 – 2 pints excreted daily

24. Did You Know – pp. 162 & 163 Sebaceous Glands Oil glands
Connected to the hair follicles
Little sacs with ducts that open into the follicles
Secrete sebum (oil)
Lubricates the skin
Preserves softness of the hair
On all parts of the body EXCEPT soles of feet and palms of hands

25. Comedo – a pore impaction – sebum hardens and the duct becomes clogged
Blackhead – a hair follicle filled with keratin and sebum

26. Acne
Acne Vulgaris
Chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from retained secretions and bacteria – Propionibacterium acnes (p. acnes) – technical term for acne bacteria
Pimple – a small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus
Pustule – raised, inflamed papule with a white or yellow center containing pus in the top of the lesion (head of pimple)

27. Functions of the Skin
Protection: Protects the body from injury and bacterial infection
Sensation: By stimulating sensory nerve endings
Heat Regulation: Skin protects the body from the environment
Excretion: Perspiration from the sweat glands is excreted through the skin
Secretion: Sebum excreted. Lubricates the skin and keeps it soft and pliable
Absorption: Female and male hormones can enter the body through the skin, and influence it to a minor degree, fatty materials are absorbed largely through the hair follicles and sebaceous gland openings

28. Promote Nutrition & Skin Health
“You are what you eat”
Proper dietary choices
Regulate hydration
Oil production
Overall function of the cells

29. Can be caused by un healthful diet or improper hydration
Skin disorders
Fatigue
Stress
Depression
Some diseases

30. Essential Nutrients Eat foods from 3 basic groups Must also have: Fats
Carbohydrates
proteins
Must also have:
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

31. USDA and USDH&HS FYI page 165 Grains Milk Vegetables Fruits
Meat, poultry, fish, beans

32. Physical Health and Nutrition - The Office of Adolescent Health

33. Read food labels
Nutrition facts about serving size
Number of servings per container
Calories
Quantities of nutrients per serving

34. Vitamins and Dietary Supplements
Aide in:
Healing
Softening
Fighting diseases of the skin
Taking vitamins internally (pill form)

35. Vitamin A Supports overall health of skin
Function
Repair of skin cells
Antioxidant – prevents certain cancers (skin)
Improve skin’s elasticity and thickness

36. Topical form Treatment of acne Prescription form Retinoic acid
Retin-A®
Treatment of acne

37. Vitamin C Ascorbic acid – topical form
Proper repair of skin and various tissues
Aides in and speeds up healing processes of the body
Vitally important in fighting :
Aging process
Promotes production of collagen
Keeping skin healthy and firm

38. Vitamin D Promotes healthy and rapid healing of skin
Best source is sunlight
Fortified milk/orange juice
Supports bone development & maintenance

39. Vitamin E
With vitamin A – helps fight against and protect skin against harmful effects of sun’s rays
Heals damage to skin’s tissues when used internally & externally
Topical – Heal structural damage
Burns
Stretch marks

40. Strive to improve diet rather than take vitamins /mineral supplements
Clients might ask you about nutrition
Ask about hair, skin, nail problems

44. Water and the Skin No person can live without it
The body and skin both rely heavily on the benefits of water
Composes 50 – 70 % of the body’s weight
Sustains the health of the cells, aids in the elimination of toxins and waste, regulates the body’s temperature and aids in proper digestion

45. Amount of water needed per person
Take your body weight and divide by 16
Resulting number approximates how many 8 ounces glasses of water you should drink every day
If intense physical activity is performed daily – add 2 extra glasses of water to your final number
Did You Know? (pp. 164)