1. From Circulatory to Endocrine
HBS 2
From Circulatory to Endocrine

2. The Respiratory System
What does the respiratory
system do?
How do the parts of the respiratory system work together?
How does the respiratory system interact with other body systems?

3. Functions of the Respiratory System
Breathing is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Breathing enables your respiratory system to take in oxygen and to eliminate carbon dioxide.

4. Respiration Review
Every cell in your body needs oxygen for a series of chemical reactions called cellular respiration (In Mitochondria).
During cellular respiration, oxygen and sugars react, releasing energy a cell can use.
Your respiratory system removes carbon dioxide and other waste gases from your body, so that cells can function.

5. Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
The pharynx is a tube-like passageway at the top of the throat that receives air, food, and liquids from the mouth or nose.
The epiglottis is a flap of tissue at the lower end of the pharynx that keeps food and liquids from entering the rest of the respiratory system.

6. Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
Air passes from the pharynx into a triangle-shaped area called the voice box or larynx.
Two thick folds of tissue in the larynx—the vocal cords—vibrate and make sounds as air passes over them.
Air then enters the trachea, a tube that is held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage.

7. Organs of the Respiratory System

8. Organs of the Respiratory System
The trachea branches into two narrower tubes called bronchi that lead into the lungs.
Lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system.
Inside the lungs, the bronchi continue to branch into smaller and narrower tubes called bronchioles.

9. Try it!- Drawing
Try to draw out all the steps of the respiratory system that we covered, labeling each structure.

10. Organs of the Respiratory System
In the lungs, the bronchioles end in microscopic sacs, or pouches, called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

11. Gas Exchange

12. Inside the lungs, air moves through bronchi and bronchioles to the alveoli, where gas exchange takes place.

13. Breathing and Air Pressure
Below the lungs is a large muscle called the diaphragm that contracts and relaxes and moves air in and out of your lungs.
The movement of your diaphragm causes changes in the air pressure inside your chest.
Air rushes into and out
of the lungs to equalize
the air pressure inside
and outside the body.

15. Breathing and Air Pressure
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves down, enlarging the space around the lungs.
During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves up, reducing the space around the lungs.

17. Breathing results from air pressure changes inside the chest that are created by the movement of the diaphragm muscle.

18. The Respiratory System and Homeostasis
The interaction between the muscular system and the respiratory system brings oxygen into your lungs and removes carbon dioxide, helping to maintain homeostasis.

19. During which process do oxygen and sugars react to release energy a cell can use?
A. breathing
B. inhalation
C. exhalation
D. cellular respiration

20. What is the tubelike passageway at the top of the throat that receives air, food, and liquids from the mouth or nose?
A. larynx
B. pharynx
C. trachea
D. bronchi

21. In what part of the lungs does gas exchange occur?
A. bronchi
B. trachea
C. alveoli
D. diaphragm

22. Circulatory, Blood and Lymph

23. The Circulatory System
What does the circulatory system do?
How do parts of the circulatory system work together?
How does the circulatory system interact with other body systems?

24. Functions of the Circulatory System
Your circulatory system is important for transporting materials from one part of your body to another.
Blood carries food, water, oxygen, and other materials through your circulatory system to your body’s cells and tissues.

25. Functions of the Circulatory System (cont.)
As blood travels through the circulatory system, it picks up carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration and wastes produced by all the other chemical reactions that take place inside cells.

26. Circulatory System Organs
The heart is a muscle that pushes blood through the circulatory system.
Blood enters the upper two chambers of the heart, called the atria.
Blood leaves through the lower two chambers of the heart, called the ventricles.

31. Circulatory System Organs
A vessel that takes blood away from the heart is an artery.
Blood pressure in arteries is high because arteries are near the pumping action of the heart.
The aorta, the largest artery, carries a large volume of blood.
Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.

33. Circulatory System Organs (cont.)
Arterioles branch into capillaries, tiny blood vessels that deliver supplies to individual cells and take away waste materials.
A vessel that brings blood toward the heart is a vein.
The pressure in veins is lower than in arteries because capillaries separate veins from the pumping action of the heart.

34. Lesson 2 Circulatory System Organs (cont.)
Capillaries join and form larger vessels called venules, and venules join and form veins.
The inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of your body to your heart and is the largest vein.

35. Types of Circulation
Systemic circulation is the network of vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body and from the body back to the heart.
A network of arteries and veins called the coronary circulation supplies blood to all the cells of the heart.

37. Types of Circulation
The network of vessels that carries blood to and from the lungs is called pulmonary circulation.
Pulmonary circulation carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart.

38. Types of Circulation (cont.)
pulmonary
from Latin pulmonarius, means “of the lungs”

39. Circulatory System Health
A heart attack happens when part of the heart muscle dies or is damaged.
A heart attack is usually caused when not enough oxygen reaches cells in the heart.
A stroke happens when part of the brain dies or is damaged because there is not enough oxygen reaching cells in the brain.

40. Most heart attacks occur when a coronary vessel is blocked.

41. Most strokes occur when a vessel in the brain is blocked.

42. Circulatory System Health (cont.)
Heart failure occurs when the heart is not working efficiently.
Most circulatory system disorder risk factors can be controlled by eating a healthy diet, controlling weight, exercising, and not smoking.

43. The Circulatory System and Homeostasis
Once oxygen enters your body, the respiratory system interacts with the circulatory system and transports oxygen to your body’s cells.
It also transports nutrients from the digestive system and hormones from the endocrine system.
The nervous system regulates your heartbeat.

44. The contractions of the heart push blood through the circulatory system.

45. Arteries and veins carry blood throughout the body
Arteries and veins carry blood throughout the body. Materials move between blood and cells through capillary walls.

46. Coronary circulation supplies blood to heart cells.

47. Functions of Bloodstream
Blood transports many different substances throughout your body.
Most of the substances carried in blood are dissolved in the liquid part of blood.
Some blood cells fight infection and help protect you from harmful organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

48. Functions of Bloodstream (cont.)
Blood helps your body maintain a steady temperature of about 37°C.
When your body temperature rises, blood vessels near the surface of your skin widen, increasing blood flow to your skin’s surface and releasing more thermal energy to the air.

49. Functions of Bloodstream (cont.)
When your body temperature lowers, the vessels at your skin’s surface get narrower, decreasing blood flow to the surface of your skin and reducing the amount of thermal energy that is lost to the air.
What does the blood do?

50. Parts of Blood
Blood is considered a tissue because it is made up of different kinds of cells that work together.
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, iron-rich protein molecules.
In the alveoli, oxygen binds to the hemoglobin and is released when red blood cells come into close contact with body cells.

51. Parts of Blood
White blood cells protect your body from illness and infection.
Most white blood cells last only a few days and are constantly replaced.
You have far fewer white blood cells than red blood cells.

52. Blood consists of four main parts: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
Lesson 3

53. Parts of Blood
Platelets are small, irregularly shaped pieces of cells that plug wounds and stop bleeding by producing proteins.
The yellowish, liquid part of blood that transports blood cells, is called plasma.
Plasma is 90 percent water, which helps thin the blood, enabling it to travel through small blood vessels.

54. Blood Clot Formation

55. Blood Types Type A blood cells have the A antigen.
Blood type refers to the type of proteins, or antigens, on red blood cells.
The four human blood types are A, B, AB, and O.
Type A blood cells have the A antigen.
Type B cells have the B antigen.
Type AB has both A and B antigens.
Type O has no antigens.

56. Blood Types plasma from Greek plassein, means “to mold”
People with types A, B, and O blood have clumping proteins in their plasma.
plasma
from Greek plassein, means “to mold”

57. Blood Types (cont.) Type AB blood has no clumping proteins.
People with AB blood are known as “universal recipients” because they can receive transfusions of any blood type.

58. Blood Types (cont.)
Type O blood has clumping proteins that attack both A and B antigens.
People with type O blood are known as “universal donors” because they can donate blood to anyone.

60. Blood Types (cont.)
Another protein found on red blood cells is a chemical marker called the Rh factor.
People with blood cells that have this protein are Rh positive and those without are Rh negative.
Blood types usually have a plus (+) sign or a minus (–) sign to indicate whether a person is Rh positive or negative.

61. Blood Disorders
Some medical conditions disrupt the normal functions of blood.
People with hemophilia lack a protein needed to clot blood.
People with anemia have low numbers of red blood cells or not enough hemoglobin.
Cancer of the bone marrow, or leukemia, can slow or prevent blood cell formation and lead to a damaged immune system.

62. Blood Disorders (cont.)
People who inherit sickle cell disease have red blood cells shaped like crescents.
Sickle cells can prevent oxygen from reaching tissues and cause sickle cell anemia.

63. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen. White blood cells help fight disease.

64. Platelets are pieces of cells that aid in blood clotting.

65. Blood type is determined by antigens on the surface of red blood cells and clumping proteins in blood plasma.

66. The Lymphatic System What does the lymphatic system do?
How do the parts of the lymphatic system work together?
How does the lymphatic system interact with other body systems?

67. Functions of the Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and helps destroy microorganisms that enter the body.
There are four main functions of the lymphatic system.
It absorbs some of the tissue fluid that collects around cells.
It absorbs fats from the digestive system and transports them to the circulatory system.

68. Functions of the Lymphatic System
It filters dead cells, viruses, bacteria, and other unneeded particles from tissue fluid and then returns the tissue fluid to the circulatory system.
It helps fight off illness and infections and includes structures in which white blood cells develop.

69. Parts of the Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system includes lymph vessels and the fluid they carry.
Water, white blood cells, and dissolved materials such as salts and glucose make up tissue fluid, which leaks out of capillary walls and into the spaces that surround tissue cells.
Cells absorb materials they need from tissue fluid and release wastes into it.

70. Parts of the Lymphatic System
About 10 percent of the tissue fluid is absorbed by the lymph vessels and is called lymph.
lymph
from Latin lympha, means “water”

71. Lymph vessels transport lymph by contraction of the muscles you use to move your body.

72. Parts of the Lymphatic System (cont.)
Lymph vessels include clusters of small, spongy structures called lymph nodes that filter particles, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, from lymph.
Lymph nodes store white blood cells that attack and destroy the trapped particles.
Large groups of lymph nodes, found in the neck, groin, and armpits, swell when your body increases its production of white blood cells to fight infection.

73. Parts of the Lymphatic System (cont.)
Lymphocytes are white blood cells that destroy infection-causing microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria.
Lymphocytes include B cells, which mature in the bone marrow, and T cells, which mature in the thymus.

74. Immature T cells move from bone marrow the to the thymus.

75. Parts of the Lymphatic System (cont.)
Mature B cells and T cells move into the lymph and blood to help fight infection.
The spleen is an organ of the lymphatic system that recycles worn-out red blood cells and produces and stores lymphocytes.
Tonsils are lymph tissues in your throat that help protect your body from infection by trapping and destroying pathogens that enter your nose and mouth.

76. Lymph Diseases and Disorders
Damage to the lymphatic system from injury or surgery can prevent tissue fluid from draining into lymph vessels.
Tissue fluid might then build up around cells and cause swelling.

77. Lymph Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
If the cells of your tonsils become infected, you have tonsillitis—an inflammation of the tonsils.
The uncontrolled production of white blood cells is a type of cancer called lymphoma.

78. The Lymphatic System and Homeostasis
The lymphatic system helps maintain your body’s homeostasis by regulating fluid buildup around cells.
It supports the circulatory system by cleaning fluids and replacing them in the bloodstream.

79. The lymphatic system helps maintain homeostasis by removing excess fluid, removing wastes, and fighting infection.

80. Tissue fluid that drains into the lymph vessels becomes lymph.

81. The lymphatic system consists of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph, and several other organs.
C Squared Studios/Getty Images

82. The lymphatic system cleans lymph, fights infection, and includes structures in which white blood cells develop.