1. HISTORY OF TISSUE CULTURE

2. INTRODUCTORY HISTORY
Callus formation from the decorticated elm tree.
Henri - Louis Duhamel du Monceau’s (1756)
This very old work was foreword for the discovery of plant tissue culture.
Totipotency
“Each living cell is capable of developing independently if provided with proper conditions.”
Cell is capable of autonomy and demonstrated the potential for totipotency.
Schewann theory (1839)
1. The development of the multicellular or multiorganed body of a higher organism from a single- celled zygote supports the totipotent behavior of a cell.
2. Germination of spores into complete individuals (Haplobiontic plants)
3. Epidermal cells of Begonia are transformed into new begonia plants.

3. Engraving of Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau by François-Hubert Drouais
Engraving of Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau by François-Hubert Drouais. Duhamel du Monceau was
the first to describe callus formation that he observed growing over the wound of an elm tree.

4. Callus formation

5. Theodor Schwann
Theodor Schwann (7 December 1810 – 11 January 1882) was a German physiologist.
His many contributions to biology include the development of cell theory.

6. Performed experiment on callus formation by decorticated trees such as Robinia, Pawlonia and Ulmus.
Trecul (1853)
Obtained very flourishing callus from Brassica rapa and proposed the polarity in development of buds from the upper portion and roots or callus and from the lower portion of a stem piece
Vochting (1878)
Described callus formation on isolated stem fragments and root slices.
Rechinger (1893)
Concept of in vitro Cell Culture
Gottlieb Haberlandt (1902)
(Father of Tissue Culture)
Culture of Embryogenic tissue
Hannig (1904)

7. Gottlieb Haberlandt
Haberlandt first pointed out the possibilities of the culture of isolated tissues, plant tissue culture.
His original idea presented in 1902 was called totipotentiality: “Theoretically all plant cells are able to give rise to a complete plant.”

8. Development of Tissue Culture
Root-tip Culture
White (1934, 1937)
Embryo Culture
(Use of coconut milk i.e. embryo sac fluid)
Van Overbeek et al. (1941)
Stem-tip Culture
Loo (1945)
Ball (1946)
Role of Auxin
Cambium cells of some tree species
Gautheret (1939)
Tumor tissues of hybrid
White (1939)
Carrot slices
Nobecourt (1939)
Discovery of Cytokinin
Skoog (1955)
Miller et al. (1955)

9. Hormonal Control of Organ Formation
Skoog and Miller (1957)
Improvement of Media
Murashige and Skoog (1962)
Preparation and Cloning of Single Cell Cultures
Bergmann (1960)
Regeneration of Single Cell to Whole Plant
Regenerated plantlets
Vasil (1965)
Somatic embryogenesis
Steward (1966)
Kohlenbach (1966)

10. *All these discoveries contributed to the establishment of totipotency of somatic cells under experimental conditions, thereby accomplishing the goals set by Haberlandt.