1. American History II Chapter 12, Section 3
Fighting the War
American History II
Chapter 12, Section 3

2. The War in the West
Union forces led by Ulysses S. Grant achieved great success.
Feb – Grant Captured Forth Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee.
Command of the forts and Nashville gave Union control over Kentucky and much of Tennessee.

3. The War in the West Battle of Shiloh
Tennessee
Spring of 1862 – Grant waited for reinforcements
Confederate generals Albert Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard attacked
Pushed Grant back to the Tennessee River
Believed could finish off Grant’s army the next morning
Grant was advised to retreat – refused
Fresh troops arrived during the nights
Union surprised Confederates with counterattack the next day.
General Beauregard ordered troops to retreat
Union victory gave North great advantage
Control the Mississippi River valley

4. The War in the West New Orleans
Largest city in the South and central port for supplying troops along and west of the river
Union capture meant cut off supplies to western Confederate forces and move troops up Mississippi River to join Grant’s forces
Union ships commanded by David Farragut attacked New Orleans from Gulf of Mexico
April – New Orleans forced to surrender
Confederate morale began to weaken

5. Eastern Campaigns
President Lincoln remained committed to capturing Richmond
Ordered General George McClellan to Virginia – 1862
Peninsula Campaign
McClellan transported more than 100,000 men, 300 cannons, and 25,000 animals by water to the peninsula between York and James Rivers
Planned to hit Richmond from the southeast
Put his army between Richmond and Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston’s forces near Manassas
Forcing Confederates to move southward to defend Richmond
McClellan hesitated

6. Eastern Campaigns McClellan’s forces met Confederates at Yorktown, VA
Refused to attack – claimed too many enemy troops
Instead decided to lay siege to Yorktown
Confederates retreated and McClellan followed
Met again at the Battle of Seven Pines
South fared badly
As a result, Robert E. Lee placed in command of Confederate forces.

7. Eastern Campaigns Seven Days’ Campaign
Lee sent cavalry unit led by James E. B. “Jeb” Stuart to gather information on enemy positions.
Lee and Stonewall Jackson combined to attack the Union in the Seven Days’ Battles
Considered victory for South because Union retreated

8. Shift in War Goals Move against slavery
July 1862 – Republicans pushed for authorization for African Americans to serve in the military
Freed slaves held by Confederate soldiers and allies
Lincoln hoped that if slaves learned the North was fighting to free them, they would desert their masters
Weaken South’s economy

9. The Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln lacked constitutional authority to abolish slavery.
Planned to issue new military order
Emancipation Proclamation – all slaves living in areas still rebelling against the United States would be free
Only applied to Confederate states, not border states
Kept secret until Union won a major military victory.

10. African Americans Take Arms
August 1862 – first official black regiments organized in Union controlled areas of SC
First African Americans recruited by Union served in 54th Massachusetts Infantry
Nearly 180,000 African American men served in the Union Army

11. Fredericksburg
December 11 & – Union forces sent across Rappahannock River near Fredericksburg, VA
General Lee and Confederate forces controlled hills above the town.
From high ground, Confederates could easily fire on the Union soldiers as they crossed the open fields.
Confederate victory.

12. Chancellorsville
Union troops led by General Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker attacked in Wilderness forest, VA
Confederate victory
General Stonewall Jackson accidentally killed by own men