1. Grammar in Context 2 Chapter 7
Infinitives, Modals & If Clauses

2. Rules for Using Infinitives
We can use an infinitive after the following verbs:
Agree, decide, continue, like promise ask expect love refuse attempt forget need remember begin hope plan start learn prefer try.
An infinitive never has a verb ending.
Wrong: He wants to leaves.
Right: He wants to leave.

3. Infinity & Beyond (Cont.)
3.The to in infinitives is often pronounced ‘’ta’’, or, after a d sound or vowel sound, ’’da’’. Listen to your teacher pronounce these sentences. I don’t like to live in a high-rise building. I’ll try to help you. 4.In fast, informal speech ,want to is often pronounce ‘’wanna’’.Listen to your teacher: I want to go home.is the same with I wanna go home.

4. Direct & Indirect Objects before Infinitives
Objects: him, me, us….
We often use objects after the following verbs:
Ask Like Need
Expect Love Want
I want my landlord to paint my apartment.
The teacher wants us to do the homework.

5. It +Adjective + Infinitive
The adjective goes after the verb “to be” and before the Object (Noun/Pronoun) and the Infinitive phrase, Examples:
It is hard for a newcomer to understand Canadian customs.
It is important for us to practise English.
It isn’t necessary for you to clean the carpet.

6. Be+Adjective+Infinitive
•These are some adjectives that can be followed by an infinitive:
afraid happy prepared ready
glad lucky proud sad
•Some adjectives can be followed by an infinitive in this pattern:
Subject Be Adjective Infinitive Phrase
I am afraid to go out at night.
You are lucky to be in Canada.

7. Modals – Degree of Possibility
Will 100%
Must
Can
Should/Would
Could
May
Might 10%

8. Modals in the Negative May not Might not
All other modals can have contractions.
Will not or won’t, would not or wouldn’t
Should not or shouldn’t, cannot or can’t
Could not or couldn’t, must not or mustn’t

9. Modals & Infinitives
Don’t use infinitives after a modal – use a root verb.
Wrong: I must to leave.
Right: I must leave.
Wrong: I can to work.
Right: I can work.

10. More Modal Notes
Modal verbs don’t have endings based on 1st or 3rd person e.g. no – s, -ed, or –ing
He can go. Not: He cans go.
Have to – similar to a modal in meaning but you conjugate it.
He has to leave now. He had to leave yesterday.
We don’t use two modals together.
He may be able to work tonight. NOT: He may can work tonight.
He will have to clean his room. NOT: He will must clean his room.

11. Modal Madness Can – shows ability, natural or learned.
I can play baseball. I can cook.
Can – shows possibility.
I can work tomorrow night. I can help you.
Can – negative is cannot (or can’t)
Don’t use can after another modal. Instead use “be able to”
I won’t be able to help you at lunch. NOT: I won’t can help….

12. Can in the past: For the past tense use: Could Was/were able to
I could have helped you yesterday.
I was able to help you yesterday but you didn’t come for help.

13. Modals -- Permission
Permission from Legal Authority (gov’t, police, law courts)
Permission from Person in Authority (in charge – teacher, doctor, nurse, principal)
Can
May
Be permitted to
Be allowed to

14. Obligation Must or have to for legal reasons
Personal obligation: have to (slang got to), must (big hurry to do it)
Spoken slang – hafta, gotta

15. Degree – Must and Have to
Have to and must very similar, but must is stronger/urgent For negatives they are very different. Must NOT – means not allowed!!!!!!!! Prohibited Don’t have to – means you have a choice – you can choose.

16. Possibility If it’s in the future and you are certain!
“will” or “be going to”
If it’s in the future and you are uncertain!
Use the modals: “may” or “might”
Adverb: maybe
Don’t really use may or might in a question about possibility instead ask “Do you think ….will.”

17. From 0 – 100% Modals

18. Negative Modals Must not Prohibition Can’t No Permission
Had better not Warning
Shouldn’t Advice; a bad idea
Not have to Not necessary
May not Possibly not
Might not Possibly not

19. Be Polite! Use Modals! To ask Permission May, Can, Could
To ask someone else Can, Could, Will, Would
to do something (could and would softer)
To express Want or Desire Would…like
To Make a Suggestion Why don’t you go, Why don’t….

20. Do the Work! Ex 1 #1 – 5 Ex 17 all Ex 4 all Ex 19 all Ex 5 all