1. ©Cleaning Technologies Group

2. Sound... Sound Is Vibration Transmitted Through an Elastic Material UltraSound... Sound at a Higher Frequency Sound UltraSound ©Cleaning Technologies Group

3. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration Think of the black line above as the edge view of a metal plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

4. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration Now Imagine an “Ultrasonic Transducer” Attached to the Metal Plate Ultrasonic Transducer ©Cleaning Technologies Group

5. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate Ultrasonic Transducer ©Cleaning Technologies Group

6. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

7. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

8. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

9. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

10. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

11. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

12. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

13. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

14. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

15. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

16. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

17. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

18. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

19. Sound is Created by a Source of Vibration The Ultrasonic Transducer Vibrates and Transmits Vibration to the Metal Plate ©Cleaning Technologies Group

20. Now Imagine that the Metal Plate is the Bottom of a Vessel or “Tank” ©Cleaning Technologies Group

21. Now Imagine that the Metal Plate is the Bottom of a Vessel or “Tank” ©Cleaning Technologies Group

22. And that the Tank is Filled with Liquid ©Cleaning Technologies Group

23. And that the Tank is Filled with Liquid ©Cleaning Technologies Group

24. Now Let’s Re-Start the Vibration ©Cleaning Technologies Group

25. Now Let’s Re-Start the Vibration ©Cleaning Technologies Group

26. Now Let’s Re-Start the Vibration ©Cleaning Technologies Group

27. Now Let’s Re-Start the Vibration ©Cleaning Technologies Group

28. Now Let’s Re-Start the Vibration ©Cleaning Technologies Group

29. Now Let’s Re-Start the Vibration ©Cleaning Technologies Group

30. As the tank bottom raises, it pushes against the liquid thereby compressing it. The blue represents an area of “compression”. ©Cleaning Technologies Group

31. The “compression” continues to travel through the liquid away from the source of vibration. ©Cleaning Technologies Group

40. As the tank bottom lowers it “pulls” on the liquid creating an area of negative pressure or “rarefaction” ©Cleaning Technologies Group

41. Continued vibration generates areas of compression and rarefaction radiating through the liquid ©Cleaning Technologies Group

65. + - 0 Now add a pressure gauge to measure pressure at a given point in the liquid ©Cleaning Technologies Group

66. + - 0 As the rarefactions and compressions of the sound waves pass by, the gauge sees alternating negative and positive pressure ©Cleaning Technologies Group

67. + - 0 As the rarefactions and compressions of the sound waves pass by, the gauge sees alternating negative and positive pressure ©Cleaning Technologies Group

68. + - 0 As the rarefactions and compressions of the sound waves pass by, the gauge sees alternating negative and positive pressure ©Cleaning Technologies Group

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91. A vibrating source transmits sound waves to a liquid. Sound waves, consisting of areas of rarefaction (negative pressure) and compression (positive pressure), radiate through the liquid away from the source of vibration. ©Cleaning Technologies Group

92. + - 0 Imagine now a small defect in the liquid consisting of a bubble or speck of dirt. ©Cleaning Technologies Group

93. . + - 0 The a “cavitation bubble” starts to grow around the defect under influence of negative pressure ©Cleaning Technologies Group

94. + - 0 Growth of the “cavitation bubble” continues and accelerates under increasingly negative pressure ©Cleaning Technologies Group

95. + - 0 Growth of the “cavitation bubble” continues and accelerates under increasingly negative pressure ©Cleaning Technologies Group

96. + - 0 Growth of the “cavitation bubble” continues and accelerates under increasingly negative pressure ©Cleaning Technologies Group

97. + - 0 Growth of the “cavitation bubble” continues and accelerates under increasingly negative pressure ©Cleaning Technologies Group

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99. The “cavitation bubble” shrinks under the influence of growing positive pressure + - 0 ©Cleaning Technologies Group

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101. + - 0 The catastrophic collapse of the cavitation bubble under increasing pressure results in implosion! ©Cleaning Technologies Group

102. + - 0 The high energy resulting from the implosion of millions of cavitation bubbles do the work associated with ultrasonics ©Cleaning Technologies Group