1. Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase
Chapter 10
Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase
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Classical Greece, B.C.E.
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3. Early Development of Greek Society
Minoan society
Island of Crete
Major city: Knossos
Ca B.C.E., center of maritime trade
Scholars unable to decipher Linear A script
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4. Decline of Minoan Society
Series of natural disasters after 1700 B.C.E.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves
Foreign invasions
Crete falls under foreign domination
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5. White-washed buildings overlook Aegean Sea on Skopelos Island, Greece.

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Mycenaean Society
Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus, ca B.C.E.
Influenced by Minoan culture before them
Major settlement: Mycenae
Military expansion throughout region
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Mycenae Today
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9. Chaos in the Eastern Mediterranean
Trojan war, ca B.C.E.
Homer’s Iliad – Greece vs. Troy
Sequel: Odyssey
Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 B.C.E.
Mycenaean civilization disappears
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10. Scene of Trojan Horse entering Troy.

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The Polis
City-state
Urban center, dominating surrounding rural areas
Highly independent character
Monarchies
“Tyrannies,” not necessarily oppressive
Early democracies
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12. View of Acropolis, and the South Slope, in Athens, Greece.

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Sparta
Highly militarized society
Subjugated peoples: helots
Serfs, tied to land
Outnumbered Spartans 10:1 by sixth century B.C.E.
Military society developed to control threat of rebellion
Boys entered military school aged 7
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Spartan Society
Austerity the norm
Boys removed from families at age seven
Received military training in barracks
Active military service follows
Marriage, but no home life until age 30
Some relaxation of discipline by fourth century C.E.
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15. Spartan Society (cont.)
Totalitarian government – uses force to rule all aspects of people’s lives.
Spartan boys’ lives:
Always were barefoot
Wore minimal clothing (even in winter)
Practices all types of athletics
Newborns judged to be weak were killed
Women taught to be patriotic, fit, and brave
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16. Phalanx, or formation of hoplites (heavily armed foot soldiers), Macedonia.

17. Spartan phalanx formation

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Athens
Development of early democracy
Free adult males only
Women, slaves excluded
Yet contrast Athenian style of government with Spartan militarism
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Athenian Society
Maritime trade brings increasing prosperity beginning 600s B.C.E.
Aristocrats dominate smaller landholders
Increasing socio-economic tensions
Class conflict
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20. Solon and Athenian Democracy
Aristocrat Solon mediates crisis
Aristocrats to keep large landholdings
But forgive debts, ban debt slavery
Removed family restrictions against participating in public life
Instituted paid civil service
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Athenian Democracy
Democracy – rule by the many
All citizens equal before the law
Women, slaves excluded
Direct democracy – everyone participates
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Pericles
Ruled B.C.E.
Aristocratic but popular
High point of Athenian democracy – Golden Age
Young encouraged to develop artistic and intelligent talents
Great achievements in arts and politics
Massive public works = cultural development
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23. Pericles ( B.C.), statesman who shaped Athens as cultural center. Shown with backdrop of Acropolis, Athens.

24. Comparing Athens and Sparta
Quotation 1:
Who do you think influenced this quotation, Athens or Sparta?
"The fundamental motif through all the centuries has been the principle that force and power are the determining factors. All development is struggle. Only force rules. Force is the first law Only through struggle have states and the world become great. If one should ask whether this struggle is gruesome, then the only answer could be—for the weak, yes, for humanity as a whole, no. Instead of everlasting struggle, the world preaches cowardly pacifism, and everlasting peace. These three things, considered in the light of their ultimate consequences, are the causes of the downfall of all humanity.“
Answer: Sparta
This was from a 1926 speech by Nazi German leader Adolf Hitler
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25. Comparing Athens and Sparta
Quotation 2:
What about this one, Athens or Sparta?
"We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,* that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.“
Answer: Athens
This is from the American Declaration of Independence (1776)
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Activity
Write a one-page fictional piece that describes your life as a Spartan OR Athenian youth. Stories should contain at least three aspects of Spartan or Athenian life. Be creative in your storytelling!
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27. Discussion Questions: Comparing Athens and Sparta
1. During the years B.C., Athens and Sparta engaged in wars with one another. Given what you know about the two states, which state do you think was victorious? Defend your choice. 2. Which state would you have rather lived in, Athens or Sparta? Explain why. 3. How can a "democratic" society can deny rights to some individuals. 4. Despite Sparta's accomplishments, the state did not leave an artistic legacy as Athens did. How does this reflect the philosophy of Spartan society? Should a society make art a priority?
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Greek Colonization
Population expansion drives colonization
Coastal Mediterranean, Black Sea
Sicily (Naples: “Neapolis,” new city)
Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles)
Anatolia
Southern Ukraine
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29. Classical Greece and the Mediterranean Basin, 800-500 B.C.E.
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Persian Wars ( B.C.E.)
Revolt against Persian empire, 500 B.C.E., in Ionia
Athens supports with ships
Yet Greek rebellion crushed by Darius 493 B.C.E.; Athenians rout Persian army in 490 B.C.E.
Successor Xerxes burns Athens, but driven out as well
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Phalanx or Chariots?
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Rowers
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The Persian Wars
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The Delian League
Poleis create Delian League to forestall more Persian attacks
Led by Athens
Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean expansion
Resented by other poleis
Sparta resentful of Athenian power
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The Peloponnesian War
Civil war in Greece, B.C.E. – Athens vs. Sparta, each had allies
Athens – stronger navy
Sparta – stronger ground troops
Sparta wins war, but conflict continued between Sparta and other poleis
Sparta’s military philosophy made it impossible to expand and build and empire
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The Peloponnesian War
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Kingdom of Macedon
Frontier region to north of Peloponnesus
King Philip II (r B.C.E.) builds massive military
350 B.C.E., encroaches on Greek poleis to the south; controls region by 338 B.C.E.
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Alexander of Macedon
“Alexander the Great,” son of Philip II
age 13: Tutored by Aristotle
age 16: First commanded troops
age 20: Became king, 336 BCE
Rapidly expanded empire throughout Mediterranean basin
Declared Pharaoh in Egypt
Successfully conquered Persia
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39. Alexander of Macedon (cont.)
Reached India, but was turned back because his troops were exhausted
Returned home to Babylon to plan building roads and cities and conquering through to China
died of fever upon his return – age 32.
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40. Alexander the Great with father, Philip II, and mother, Olympias
Alexander the Great with father, Philip II, and mother, Olympias. Manuscript (14th century).

41. Alexander’s Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E.
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42. bust of Alexander the Great

43. The Hellenistic Empires
After Alexander’s death, competition for empire
Divided by generals
Antigonus: Greece and Macedon
Ptolemy: Egypt
Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid empire
Economic integration, intellectual cross-fertilization
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Hellenistic Empires Map
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The Antigonid Empire
Smallest of Hellenistic empires – Macedonia and Greece
Local dissent
Issue of land distribution
Heavy colonizing activity
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The Ptolemaic Empire
Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires - Egypt
Established state monopolies
Textiles
Salt
Beer
Capital: Alexandria
Important port city
Major museum, library
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The Seleucid Empire
Largest – Persia, Asia Minor, Anatolia
Massive colonization of Greeks
Export of Greek culture, values as far east as India
Bactria
Ashoka legislates in Greek and Aramaic
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48. Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean Basin
Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and grapes
Colonies extend trade
Commerce (trade goods) rather than agriculture as basis of much of economy
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49. Panhellenic Festivals
Useful for integrating far-flung colonies
776 B.C.E.: Olympic Games begin
Sense of collective identity
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Patriarchal Society
Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutes
Women could not own land, but allowed to operate small businesses
Priestesses only public position for women
Spartan woman had more rights than in other poleis
Sappho – talented female poet
Taught music and literature to women at home
Charged with homosexual activity
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Slavery
Scythians (Ukraine)
Nubians (Africa)
Used as domestic servants and cultivators
Some more educated – worked as craftsmen or business managers
Opportunity to buy freedom
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The Greek Language
Borrowed Phoenician alphabet
Added vowels
Complex language
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53. Science and Mathematics
Use of observable evidence, rational thought
Thales predicts eclipse, 28 May 585 B.C.E.
Democritus discovers atoms
Pythagoras – uses systematic approach to mathematics
Hippocrates – new discoveries about human anatomy and physiology
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Socrates ( B.C.E.)
The Socratic method – rigorous questioning and observation
Student: Plato
Public gadfly (challenged status quo), condemned on charges of immorality
Forced to drink hemlock poison for corrupting the young
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Socrates Drinking the Hemlock Poison
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Plato ( B.C.E.)
Systematized Socratic thought
Republic – broke society into 3 groups
Philosopher kings
Warrior class – to protect the people
Masses – everyone else
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Aristotle ( B.C.E.)
Student of Plato – but broke from his teachings
Emphasis on empirical findings, reason
Tutored Alexander the Great as a youth
Moved to Alexandria, Egypt during early Hellenistic period
Massive impact on western thought
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59. Aristotle instructing Alexander the Great
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60. Greek Philosophy Activity
Read the selection on Greek Philosophy
Use your knowledge of these Greek philosophers to answer the following questions and better understand the purpose of these philosophies. Please answer these questions in full sentences on a separate sheet of paper.
What would the impact have been if these philosophers did not establish institutions that taught these philosophies?
How else do we use Socrates’ form of questioning in today’s world?
Socrates never wrote down his own philosophies. Since Plato and Aristotle were the writers, could we just eliminate Socrates from the list of great Greek philosophers? Why or why not?
What if these philosophers were not asking questions about large, practical concepts in regards to society, politics, and daily life? How might that have changed the Greek empire?
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Greek Theology
Polytheism
Zeus principal god
Gods for every facet of life – search for meaning
Seas, underworld, love, war, etc.
Human-like attributes to gods – love, hate, jealousy, etc
Gods really did not care about people
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Tragic Drama
Evolution from public presentations of cultic rituals
Major playwrights (400s B.C.E.)
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripides
Comedy: Aristophanes
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63. Hellenistic Philosophies
Epicureans
Enjoy life – leisure
Skeptics
Doubted possibility of certainty in anything
Stoics
Duty, virtue
Emphasis on inner peace
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