1. November 17, 2017 TO DO: Notebook, pencil/pen,
WARM UP: What is the name of the 3rd line of defense?
HOMEWORK:
Weebly reflections.

2. Endocrine System

3. The Endocrine System regulates, coordinates and controls:
Growth and development.
Male and female development.
How your body uses energy.
Levels of salts and sugars in your blood.
The amount (volume) of fluid in your body.
Appetite.
Many other body functions.

4. Endocrine System
The endocrine system includes the endocrine glands and their hormones
The function of the endocrine system is to secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Hormone: A Chemical messenger which targets a specific group of cells, in order to cause that group of cells do some activity or stop doing an activity.

5. Endocrine System
Exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts, or tubes
Liver Bile released into the gallbladder, then through a duct into the small intestine
Pancreas releases pancreatic juice into the small intestine via a duct
Endocrine Glands are called ductless glands
Release hormones directly into the bloodstream
Blood transports hormones throughout the body
Each hormone acts on only a certain kind of tissue called its target tissue

6. Hormones only work on certain cells, called target cells.
The target cells have special receptors that “recognize” the hormones and allow them to influence that cell.
Target Cell for Hormone A
Target Cell for Hormone A
Target Cell for Hormones A and B
Target Cell for Hormone B
Picture modified from:
Hormone A
Hormone B
These receptors recognize the hormones.
They “fit” like a lock and key.

7. External stimuli Internal stimuli
by way of nerves from the sensory organs in the nervous system
by way of nerves and other hormones from inside the body
Nerves and various hormones act on the brain to affect the what the brain does. Such action can affect both behavior and certain control functions of the brain on the body (including feedback control on the level of hormones). External stimuli through the sense organs can also act on the brain to affect what it does.
Picture from:

8. Gland What it Regulates Pituitary
“Master Gland” that regulates all other Endocrine Glands, also releases growth hormone
Thyroid
Metabolism, body heat, bone growth
Parathyroids
Use of Calcium and Phosphorous
Hypothalamus
Links nervous system to endocrine system
Adrenal
Response in emergency or stressful situations, metabolism, blood pressure, salt balance
Pancreas
Blood sugar
Ovaries
Production of eggs; female characteristics
Testes
Production of sperm; male characteristics
Thymus
Parts of the immune system
Point out that there are more endocrine glands, this is just a sample of some.

9. Pituitary
Pituitary gland is a round organ about the size of a pea (~1 cm in diameter), located behind the bridge of the nose at the base of the brain
Secretes 9 different hormones, which affect many different areas of the body, including:
Growth
Blood pressure
Regulation of Pregnancy
Breast milk production
Sex organ functions in both men and women
Thyroid gland function
Metabolism
Water regulation in the body (kidneys)
Temperature regulation

10. A Few Pituitary Hormones
Function
Growth Hormone (GH)
To increase body size during childhood and adolescence; to maintain body size during adulthood
To stimulate the thyroid to produce thyroxin
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Regulate puberty, development, and reproductive processes
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Stimulates the production of estrogen and testosterone

11. Growth Hormone Oversecretion of growth hormone:
Giantism in childhood and acromegaly in adults (bones of face, hands and feet enlarge)
Undersecretion of growth hormone:
Dwarfism in childhood

12. Thyroid Located in the neck Releases hormone thyroxin
Function is to regulate rates of metabolism in the body
Essential for normal physical and mental development
Oversecretion of thyroxin:
Results in nervousness and weight loss
Undersecretion of thyroxin:
Results in cretinism (mental retardation, small size) in children

13. Return to hormones slide
Where it comes from: thyroid gland
Where it acts: most cells of the body
What it does: controls the rate of metabolic processes (how energy is used) in the body and influences physical development
People may not produce enough of this hormone and get a condition known as hypothyroidism. They can take thyroxine to treat this condition.
Picture from:
Return to hormones slide

14. Thyroid
Iodine deficiency in your diet results in goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)

15. Parathyroid Function is to control metabolism of calcium
Necessary for normal nerve and muscle function, blood clotting, healthy bones and teeth
Located in back of thyroid gland (in neck)
Hormone released is parathormone
Undersecretion of parathormone results in nerve disorders, brittle bones and clotting problems

16. Adrenal Glands (Kidney Hats)
Located at the top of each kidney
Hormones released are cortisone and adrenaline
Function of cortisone is to regulate carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism
promotes conversion of fats and proteins to glucose
Function of adrenaline is to raise blood sugar levels and increases heartbeat and breathing rates

17. Adrenal
Undersecretion of adrenaline results in the inability to deal with stress

18. Where it comes from: outer part of adrenal gland
Where it acts: multiple tissues
What it does: mental stimulation, breaks down fat and protein to glucose, anti-inflammation
It is usually referred to as the "stress hormone" as it is involved in response to stress and anxiety.
The adrenal gland also secretes steroids that affect mineral balance.
Picture from:

19. Where it comes from: Adrenal Gland
Where it acts: heart, blood vessels, eyes
What it does: stimulates heart rate, increases blood pressure, dilates pupils
Causes "Adrenaline Rush”
A 'fight and flight' hormone.
It is released in high stress conditions or in excitement or fear.
Loud noise, high temperature etc. may also trigger its release since these are also high stress situations.
Ask students why a person would need increased heart rate, blood pressure, etc. in a time of stress.
The answer is that these prepare the person to handle the stress.
Adrenaline is also known as epinephrine and is the drug in the Epipen used to treat severe allergic reactions.
Picture from:

20. Hormones of the Ovaries
Estrogens
Produced by Graafian follicles or the placenta
Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics
Matures female reproductive organs
Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
Helps maintain pregnancy
Prepares the breasts to produce milk

21. Where it comes from: ovary (where an egg was released)
Where it acts: uterus
What it does: controls menstruation in women and plays a role in pregnancy.
One of the components of birth control pills
Picture from:

22. Where it comes from: ovary
Where it acts: breast tissue, reproductive structures in female
What it does: stimulates development of female sexual characteristics
Estrogen levels may be related somehow to migraine headaches in women.

23. Hormones of the Testes
Interstitial cells of testes are hormone-producing
Produce several androgens
Testosterone is the most important androgen
Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
Required for sperm cell production

24. Where it comes from: testicles
Where it acts: body-hair cells, muscle, reproductive structures
What it does: stimulates development of male sexual characteristics
Testosterone is a steroid and has been administered to athletes in order to improve performance. This is considered to be a form of doping in most sports and is a very dangerous practice.
Females also produce small amounts of testosterone in their ovaries that affect muscle development and other body functions.

25. Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs
Parts of the small intestine
Parts of the stomach
Kidneys
Heart
Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells