1. L. Aya M. Serry Endocrine System & Its Disorders 2016
Pathophysiology
L. Aya M. Serry
Endocrine System
& Its Disorders
2016

2. Lecture Objectives Identify the endocrine system
Recognize the endocrine glands and their Hormones
Functions of the endocrine Hormones
Disorders of the endocrine functions

3. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM System of ductless glands
Regulates body functions via
hormones secreted into the
bloodstream.

4. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Major Endocrine Glands: Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Thymus
Adrenal Gland

5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Other organs containing endocrine tissue: Pancreas
Kidneys
Heart
Digestive Tract
Placenta
Testes
Ovaries
Pineal Gland

6. HYPOTHALAMUS ‘Master Gland’ Function : Control centre
Attached to roof of third ventricle, near thalamus
Continuously receive information on status of body systems via nerve impulses
Monitors composition & temperature of blood
Messages interpreted, evaluated : outgoing messages dispatched via nerves / hormones
Plays role in feedback systems that govern secretions of endocrine system

7. 2. PITUITARY GLAND Pea sized mass of glandular tissue
Lies in sella turcica
Slender stalk: Infundibulum connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus
2 parts : Neurohypophysis
Adenohypophysis
Indirectly controls :
Growth
Metabolism
Sexual reproduction
Lactation

8. PITUITARY GLAND: PARTS
Neurohypophysis
Adenohypophysis
Small posterior lobe
Large anterior lobe
Stores hormones
Releases hormones
Oxytocin
Growth hormone (GH)
Anti Diuretic hormone (ADH)
Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
Prolactin (PRL)

9. PITUITARY GLAND: HORMONES
EFFECTS
Oxytocin (OC)
Stimulates contraction of uterus & contractile cells of breast
ADH
Prevents excess urine production GH
General body growth
ACTH
Stimulate adrenal cortex to release hormone
TSH
Controls thyroid gland LH
Stimulates sexual & reproductive function
FSH
Stimulate production of sperm & egg in ovaries & testis
MSH
Related to skin pigmentation
PRL
Initiates milk production in breast
Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary

10. THYROID GLAND ↑ in size : puberty & pregnancy
Located in middle anterior part of neck: below larynx, in front of trachea
“Butterfly” shape
2 lobes connected by isthmus
↑ in size : puberty & pregnancy
Rich blood supply: able to deliver high levels of hormones in short period of time
Produces Thyroxin (T4) & Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin : involved in calcium & phosphate homeostasis

11. PARATHYROID GLAND Small rounded mass
Attached to posterior surface of thyroid gland
Produces Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Controls homeostasis of calcium & phosphate in blood by activating Vitamin D

12. THYMUS Plays a role in the immune system
Produces thymosin, thymic humaral factor & thymic factor
Responsible for maturation of T-lymphocytes

13. HARMONES OF THYROID, PARATHYROID & THYMUS
ORGAN
HORMONE
EFFECT
Thyroid gland (Follicular cells)
T3 & T4
energy utilization
oxygen consumption
growth & development
Thyroid gland
(C cells)
Calcitonin
 Calcium ion concentration in body fluids
Parathyroid
PTH
 Calcium ion concentration in body fluids
Thymus
Thymosin
Maturation & functional competence of immune system 

14. ADRENAL GLAND Located superior to the kidney
Divided into: (i) outer cortex
(ii) inner medulla

15. ADRENAL GLAND ADRENAL CORTEX ADRENAL MEDULLA Secretes steroid hormones
Secretes hormones controlled by ANS
Glucocorticoids (metabolism) eg. cortisol
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Mineralocorticoids (homeostasis of ions) eg. Aldosterone
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
Gonadocorticoids (oestrogens & androgens)

16. ADRENAL HORMONES REGION HARMONES EFFECT Cortex 1. Zona glomerulos
Mineralocorticoid: Aldosterone
Renal reabsorption of sodium ions & water.
renal potassium ion loss
2. Zona fasciculata
Glucocorticoid: cortisol
Releases amino acids from skeletal muscle & lipids from adipose.
Promotes liver glycogen & glucose formation
Anti inflammatory effect
3. Zona Reticularis
Androgens
Medulla
Epinephrine (Adrenaline), Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
cardiac activity
blood pressure
glycogen breakdown
blood glucose

17. PANCREAS Flattened organ
Posterior to stomach, between doudenum on right & spleen on left
Classified as exocrine & endocrine
Hormones:
Islets of Langerhans secrete: Glucagon,  cells :  blood glucose
Insulin,  cells:  blood glucose
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH),  cells : inhibits glucagon & insulin

18. HORMONES OF PANCREAS CELLS HARMONE EFFECT Alpha () cells Glucagon
Glucose synthesis & glycogen breakdown in liver
 Blood glucose concentration
Beta () cells
Insulin
Stimulation of lipids & glycogen storage & formation
 Blood glucose concentration
Delta () cells
Somatostatin
Inhibits secretion of insulin & glucagon

19. TESTES & OVARIES TESTES: Located within scrotum Produce testosterone
Stimulates development of male sexual characteristics
OVARIES:
Located in pelvic cavity
Produce oestrogen & progesterone
Responsible for development & maintenance of female characteristics & menstrual cycle

20. HORMONES OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
CELLS
HORMONES
EFFECT
Testes
Interstitial cells
1. Testosterone
2. Inhibin
1. Maturation of sperm
Male secondary sex characteristics
2. Inhibits secretion of FSH
Ovaries
Follicle cells
1. Oestrogen
1. Follicle maturation
Female secondary sex characteristic
Corpus Luteum
Progesterone
Prepare uterus for implantation
Prepare breast for secretory function

21. OTHER ENDOCRINE TISSUES
KIDNEYS:
Renal Erythropoietic factor: erythropoietin
HEART:
Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF)
GIT:
Stomach gastrin, enteric gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, enterocinin, gastric inhibiting hormone
PLACENTA:
Human chorionic gonadotropin, oestrogen, progesterone, relaxin

22. Endocrine Disorders

23. Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Thyroxin
Over-activity (Too much hormone)
Increased metabolic rate
Increased food intake but loss of weight
Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease)
Goiter (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)

24. Goiter

25. Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Thyroxin
Under-activity (Not enough hormone)
Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease)
- Reduced metabolic rate
Low food intake but gain of weight
Myxedema (when onset in adults)
Cretinism (when onset in children)
Can also cause a goiter

26. Myxedema Puffiness (swelling) Fatigue Obesity Dry, thickened skin
Mental impairment
Thin, brittle hair

27. Cretinism Protuberant abdomen Short Stature Infertility
Neurological impairment
Constant Fatigue
Obesity

28. Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Calcitonin
Over-activity
- Increased Bone Ca++, decreased Blood Ca++
Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or cramps)
Under-activity
- Increase Blood Ca++, decreased Bone Ca++
Osteoporosis (brittle bones)
Kidney stones

29. Parathyroid Gland Under-activity Over-activity
Hormone: Parathormone (PTH)
Under-activity
Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca++
Tetany
Over-activity
High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca++
Osteoporosis

30. Pancrease Hormone: Insulin Over-activity Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)
Hypoglycemia
Under-activity
High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes

31. Pancrease Hormone: Glucagon Over-activity
High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)
Diabetes
Under-activity
Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)
Hyper insulinism

32. Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hormone: Growth Hormone
Overactive
Gigantism (children - very tall)
Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken)
Underactive
- Dwarfism (very short)

33. Giantism

34. Acromegaly

35. Dwarfism
Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of GH in childhood.

36. Endocrine Disorders
Summary

37. Thyroxin – increases metabolic rate
Overactive
Goitre
Hyperthyroidism
Grave’s Disease
Underactive
Goitre
Hypothyroidism
Myxedema (adults)
Cretinism (kids)

38. Calcitonin – Inc. Ca uptake by bones and dec. Ca level in blood
Overactive
Tetany
Underactive
Kidney Stones
Osteoporosis

39. Parathormone (PTH) – inc. Ca level in blood, dec. Ca level in bone
Overactive
Kidney Stones
Osteoporosis
Underactive
Tetany

40. Insulin – dec. blood sugar levels
Overactive
Hypoglycemia
Hyperinsulinism (insulin shock)
Underactive
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes

41. Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone
Over Reactivity
Under Reactivity
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Tetany
Osteoporosis
Kidney Stones
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Tetany
Osteoporosis
Kidney Stones

42. Glucagon – inc. blood sugar levels
Overactive
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes
Underactive
Hypoglycemia
Hyperinsulinism

43. Insulin vs Glucagon Insulin – Glucagon - Over Reactivity
Under Reactivity
BSL
BSL
Hypoglycemia
BSL
BSL
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes
BSL
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes
Hypoglycemia
BSL

44. GH - Growth Hormone – increases bone growth
Overactive
Giantism (children)
Acromegaly (adults)
Underactive
Dwarfism

45. MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone – causes color cells (melanocytes) in skin to darken
Overactive
Skin darkens
Under active
Skin will not darken
Most severe condition is albinism

46. LH, FSH, ICTH – sex hormones in males and females that aid in sperm or egg (gamete) production
Overactive
Unknown
Underactive
Sterility