1. Mendel and the Gene Idea
Laws of Genetics

2. Theory of Heredity
Before Mendel, people thought offspring were a blend of traits
Tall x short = medium
Mendel’s experiments did not support this theory
Mendel’s work led him to the understanding that traits are carried in pairs (one from each parent)

3. Mendel’s 4 hypotheses Hypotheses 1
For each inherited character, an individual has two copies of each gene
One on each chromosome
Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters.
Alleles are different versions of genes that impart the same characteristic.

4. Mendel’s 4 hypotheses Hypotheses 2
Offspring inherit 2 alleles, 1 from each parent for each characteristic (i.e. height, color, etc.)
Gametes (sperm or egg) carry only one allele as a result of pair separation during meiosis

5. Mendel’s 4 hypotheses Hypotheses 3 The Rule of Dominance
If the two alleles differ
one, the dominant allele, is fully expressed in the organism's appearance
the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance.

6. Mendel’s 4 hypotheses Hypotheses 4
The two genes for each character segregate during gamete production.
The chromosome count is changed from the diploid number to the haploid number.
The genes are sorted into separate gametes, ensuring variation. 
This sorting process depends on genetic recombination

7. mendel’s First law of heredity
Law of Random Segregation A parent randomly passes only one allele for each trait to each offspring

8. Mendel’s second law of heredity
Law of Independent Assortment
Different gene pairs assort independently in gamete formation.
This Law is only true for genes on separate chromosomes!

9. Law of independent assortment
P GENERATION -True Breeding Parent Plants
All purple (PP)
All white (pp)
Gametes will be either P or p
FIRST FILIAL GENERATION F1
F1 are all purple because of dominance (Pp)
SECOND FILIAL GENERATION F2
F2 results in a mathematically predictable 3:1 ratio

10. Mendelian Inheritance
Mendelian inheritance patterns
Involve genes directly influencing traits
Obey Mendel’s laws
Law of segregation
Law of independent assortment
Include
Dominant / recessive relationships
Gene interactions
Phenotype-influencing roles of sex and environment
Most genes of eukaryotes follow a Mendelian inheritance pattern

11. Predicting Inheritance
Mendel’s Principle of Dominance
Some genes (alleles) are dominant and others are recessive.
The phenotype (trait) of a dominant gene will be seen when it is paired with a recessive gene.
The phenotype of the recessive gene will be “hidden” (not exhibited)