1. Kingdoms of Africa

2. Ghana Mali Songhai

4. GHANA

5. Ghana Empire

6. Ghana on the Map
Aim: How did the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai show the richness of Africa?
Do Now: Matching

7. Ghana controlled trade and became wealthy.
Empire of Ghana
7.4.1
The Big Idea
The rulers of Ghana built an empire by controlling the salt and gold trade.
Main Ideas
Ghana controlled trade and became wealthy.
Through its control of trade, Ghana built an empire.
Ghana’s decline was caused by attacking invaders, overgrazing, and the loss of trade.

8. Ghana First known kingdom in the western Sudan Commerce
Founded between fourth and eight centuries CE
Warfare and iron weapons created an empire
Commerce
Camel caravans
Imported silk, cotton, glass beads, horses, mirrors, dates, and salt
Exported pepper, slaves, and gold mined in another region and taxed passing through
Commerce and religion destroyed Ghana in the twelfth century

9. Ghana developed in West Africa between the Niger (NI-jhur) and the Gambia Rivers. It was an important kingdom there from about AD300 to about The rivers helped Ghana to grow rich because they were used to transport goods and develop trade. Ghana also collected taxes from traders who passed through the kingdom. Ghana means “war chief.”

10. Ghana had few natural resources except salt and gold
Ghana had few natural resources except salt and gold. They were also very good at making things from iron. Ghanaian warriors used iron tipped spears to subdue their neighbors

11. Ghana became a rich and powerful nation, especially when the camel began to be used as a source of transport. Ghana relied on trade and trade was made faster and bigger with the use of the camel. .
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12. Islamic Mosque in Ghana
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After 700 AD, the religion of Islam began to spread over northern Africa. Muslim warriors came into Ghana and fought with the non-Islamic people there. This weakened Ghana. Local warriors then decided to break away from the power of Ghana and form their own local kingdoms. This ended many of the trade networks. This eventually weakened the civilization of Ancient Ghana. (Decline!!)

13. Mali

14. Mali Empire

15. A ruler named Sundiata made Mali into an empire.
Empire of Mali
7.4.3
The Big Idea
The wealthy and powerful Mali Empire ruled West Africa after the fall of Ghana.
Main Ideas
A ruler named Sundiata made Mali into an empire.
Mali reached its height under the ruler Mansa Musa.
Mali fell to invaders in the late 1400s.

16. Empire of Mali 1235 Mali emerges as a major kingdom
Located south of Ghana
This kingdom became important when resources became scarce and trade routes shifted
This made them wealthy and helped Mali to obtain more power.

17. Empire of Mali, 1230-1468 Battle of Kirina Larger than Ghana
Sundiata (leader)
Reigned
Led the Mandinka to victory over the Sosso in 1235
Larger than Ghana
Greater rainfall
More crops
Control of Wangara gold mines
Population reaches 8 million

18. Mali (cont.) Commerce, bureaucracy and scholarship Timbuktu
Most merchants and rulers
Moslems by 1210s
Converted to gain stature among Arab states
Timbuktu
Major trading hub
gold, slaves, and salt
Center of Islamic learning ~ thirteenth century
150 Islamic schools
Cosmopolitan community
Religious and ethnic toleration common

19. Mali (cont.) Mansa Musa Reigned 1312-1337
Pilgrimage across Africa to Mecca in Arabia
Empire declined with Musa’s death

20. A powerful king named Sundiata ruled this area from around AD. He led the people in conquering and expanding his kingdom
Perhaps the greatest king of Mali was Mansa Musa ( ). He developed the gold and salt trade of Mali and his kingdom became very powerful and rich.
mansa musa(4)
Mansu Musa: Lord of Guinea. (Photo courtesy of History of Africa)

21. Mansa Musa was a Muslim. He built many beautiful mosques or Islamic temples in western Africa.

22. When Mansa Musa died there were no kings as powerful as he was to follow. The great kingdom of Mali weakened. Eventually, a group of people known as Berbers came into the area and other people came up from the south to claim territory that was once part of the kingdom. Although Mali fell, another advanced African kingdom took its place, the kingdom of Songhai.
The Berbers still live in North Africa. This picture, taken in 1893, shows a Berber group.

23. Songhai

24. Songhai Empire

25. The Songhai Empire strengthened Islam in West Africa.
Empire of Songhai
7.4.3
7.4.4
The Big Idea
The Songhai Empire strengthened Islam in West Africa.
Main Ideas
The Songhai built a new empire in West Africa.
Askia the Great ruled Songhai as an Islamic empire.
Songhai fell to Moroccan invaders, ending the great era of West African empires.

26. Sunni Ali saw that the kingdom of Mali was weakening and he led his soldiers to conquer the area. He began the kingdom of Songhai. He also set up a complex government to rule all the lands he had conquered.

27. Songhai remained a rich and strong kingdom under Muhammad Ture’s rule
Songhai remained a rich and strong kingdom under Muhammad Ture’s rule. It had a complex government centered in the city of Gao, and great centers of learning. But later rulers were not as powerful. In the late 1500s, Morocco invaded Songhai to take its rich trade routes. Moroccans had a new weapon, the gun, and the army of Songhai did not. This led to the fall of Songhai.
(Photo courtesy of African Origin of Civilization by Cheikh Anta Diop)

28. Silk, Ceramics, Beads, Islam from Europe and Asia
All three kingdoms of West Africa relied on trade for their strength and wealth.
Salt
Timbuktu
Gao
Jenne
Gold, Ivory, Wood, Slaves
Coming into West Africa
Coming from Africa and going to Europe and Asia

29. Matching Vocabulary A. Lineage B. Stateless society C. Patrilineal
D. Matrilineal
E. Maghrib
F. Almoravids
G. Almohads
Part of N. Africa that is Libya today.
Mom’s side of the family
Group of Berber Muslims
Common ancestors
Strict religious brotherhood
Dad’s side of the family
No system of central power

30. Leaving Africa. . .