2. Similarities The peak of Islam’s political and military power
All based on military conquest
All from Turkic nomadic cultures
All absolute monarchies

3. Differences
All were Muslim but Mughals ruled over a predominantly non-Muslim population
Ottomans had large Christian minority
Safavids were Shi’ite Muslims

6. Serbian defeat at Battle of Kosovo
Ottoman Turks began to build power on northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula.
With decline of Seljuk Turks, Ottomans expanded and founded the Ottoman dynasty
1300’s: Ottomans expanded into Balkan Peninsula
Serbian defeat at Battle of Kosovo

7. Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo
Janissaries: young boys taken from the Christian population. Boys were converted to Islam and trained as elite soldiers or administrators to serve the Sultan
Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo
Controlled the Balkan Peninsula
Janissaries

8. Mehmet II enters Constantinople
Under the leadership of Mehmet II, the Ottomans laid siege to Constantinople
Fall of Constantinople in brought end to the Byzantine Empire
The Ottomans made the city their capital renaming it Istanbul
Mehmet II enters Constantinople

9. Under rule of Sultan Selim I, the Ottomans took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula with holy cities of Mecca and Medina
Selim declared himself Caliph
Ottoman rule spread across North Africa though by 1600’s this area was semi-independent

10. Ottoman attempts to penetrate Eastern Europe were stymied by the Hungarians
Greatest threat to Europe came under rule of greatest of Ottoman rulers, Suleyman I. Under his leadership, Ottomans seized Belgrade and won victory over Hungarians and occupied the country
Suleyman I

11. The Ottomans laid siege to Vienna in 1529
Ottoman advance into western Mediterranean stopped at Lepanto in 1571 by Western coalition led by the Spanish

12. In 1600’s, the Ottomans attempted to expand into Europe again
Vienna was besieged
Combined European force pushed Ottomans out of Austria and Hungary
Ottomans would never threaten Central Europe again
Siege of Vienna

13. Ottoman rule
The Ottomans copied many aspects of Byzantine political structure, especially imperial rule
A strong centralized government was established with the sultan at its head in Istanbul.
The position of sultan was hereditary- once in power, a sultan would murder all his brothers.
The private domain of the sultan was called the harem

14. The imperial bureaucracy was controlled by the sultan through his chief minister, the Grand Vizier
Most high government officials were Muslim by birth and many were chosen based on merit
The Ottomans administered their lands through local rulers called pashas
Pashas collected taxes (giving a percentage to the Ottomans) and maintained law and order

15. As Caliph, the sultan was the supreme religious leader but he delegated many duties to the Ulema, who administered the legal system and education
Islamic law applied to all Ottoman territory
The Ottomans were tolerant of non-Muslims - head tax
Non-Muslim religions were headed by an official who was responsible to the sultan

16. Women in the Ottoman court
Women had greater freedom under the Ottomans than in other Muslim nations
Could own and inherit property, could not be forced into marriage, and were permitted to divorce
Women in the Ottoman court

18. Safavids descended from Turkic tribesmen in northern Iran
Safavids – Shi’ite Muslims
1501- Safi al-Din Ismail seized much of what is today Iran and Iraq
Ismail sent missionaries into Ottoman lands
Massacred Sunni Muslims when he conquered Baghdad in 1508
Safavid soldier

19. Selim I, the Ottoman sultan, marched against Safavids and won major victory
After more attempts by the Safavids to take Ottoman lands, the Ottomans forced the Safavid leader, Shah Abbas, to sign peace treaty
Selim I

20. Safavids reached peak of power under Shah Abbas
With help of Europeans, Shah Abbas attempted to take more lands from Ottomans
Another peace treaty was signed but conflict continued for many years
Shah Abbas and wine boy

21. The Safavids declined after death of Shah Abbas in 1629
Afghan tribesmen invaded and captured the Safavid capital and forced the royal family to flee to Azerbaijan, their original homeland

22. Safavid rule comparable to the Ottomans
Safavids had vibrant middle class
Greatest area of productivity in Safavid Empire was textiles
Carpets were prized all over the world

24. Founded by Babur, descended from Tamerlane and Genghis Khan
Invaded India from Kabul and conquered Delhi
Using that city as his base, he expanded into the subcontinent
Babur

25. The Mughal Empire was the greatest empire in India since the Mauryans
After Babur’s death, his son, Akbar, continued the expansion until most of India was under his control
Although his empire appeared highly centralized it was in reality a collection of semi-independent states held together by the emperor
The Mughal Empire was the greatest empire in India since the Mauryans
Akbar

26. Although Muslim, Akbar adopted a policy of religious tolerance
Hindus served in lesser positions in his court and even Christians were present in the form of Jesuit advisors
Akbar even took a Hindu bride

27. Local officials, called Zamindars, administered districts, taking a portion of the taxes as salary
Political stability and peace = period of growth in trade and manufacturing
Much of the trade was handled by Muslim merchants

28. The Mughal dynasty went into decline after death of Akbar
Akbar succeeded by his son, Jahangir.
Jahangir

29. Shah Jahan succeeded Jahangir
In order to secure hold on power, he had all rivals murdered
Shah Jahan’s military campaigns and corruption in court impoverished the state
His son, Aurangzeb, killed brother and imprisoned Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal for deceased wife
Shah Jahan

30. Aurangzeb tried to eliminate many of India’s social evils including sati
He forced Hindus to convert to Islam and forbade the construction of Hindu temples
Social unrest resulted in a number of revolts
Weakened from within, Delhi was sacked by Persians in 1739

31. The Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French all sought influence in India
War between British and French
Increasing British influence under the East India Company

32. Mughals and Hindus created a blended culture
Both Muslim and Hindu cultures restricted women
Purdah adopted by higher-class Hindus
Full purdah

33. Some Hindus forcibly married Muslim women and converted them to Hinduism
Hindus converting to Islam lost all rights within the Indian family
Mughals married Hindu women and adopted Indian dress