1. Measurement of Displacement, temperature & time
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Session - 5
Measurement of Displacement, temperature & time

2. Displacement
A displacement is vector that is the shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body. or A displacement of a body is the distance moved by the body in a specified direction.
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3. Displacement
Linear displacement
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4. Displacement
A linear displacement typically has units of millimetre or inch and a negative or positive direction associated with it.
The linear displacement is represented in x-y co-ordinates.
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5. Displacement Applications of linear displacement measurement
pick-and-place PCB assembly equipment
robotics
machine tools
gear measurement tension testers
coordinate-measuring machines
laser scanners
callipers
Servo controlled motion systems
printers and digital presses
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6. Displacement
When an object is moved on a curved or circular path then this change in its position from initial to final state is known as angular displacement.
An angular displacement generally mentioned in either radian or degree.
The angular displacement is represented in polar co-ordinates.
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7. Displacement
Angular displacement
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8. Displacement Applications of Angular displacement measurement
Pedal Position sensing
Steering Wheel Position sensing
Motor-shaft Position sensing
Throttle Position sensing
Float-Level sensing
Ride Height Position sensing
Transmission gearbox encoder
Headlight position control
Torque sensing
Valve position sensing
Power seat position sensing
Power mirror position sensing
Flow meters
Robotics
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9. Commonly used displacement measurement instruments you come across

10. Displacement
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11. Displacement
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12. Displacement
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13. Displacement
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14. Displacement
Dial gauge
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15. Displacement
VARIABLE RESISTANCE: The Potentiometer
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16. Displacement
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17. Displacement
LVDT
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18. Temperature
Temperature may be defined as the:
Degree of hotness and coldness of the body or an environment measured on a definite scale
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19. Measure of the mean kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance
Temperature Or
Measure of the mean kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance
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20. Driving force or potential causing the flow of energy as heat
Temperature or
Driving force or potential causing the flow of energy as heat
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21. Temperature
Temperature is an intensive quantity independent of the size of the system.
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22. Temperature
Below are different Temperature scales which are commonly used & their conversion:
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23. Guess the Necessity of temperature measurement in our day to day life
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24. Liquid Solid Gas Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
1. Change in dimensions
Liquid
Solid
Gas
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25. Liquid Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
1. Change in dimensions
Liquid
Mercury thermo- meter
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26. Solid Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
1. Change in dimensions
Bi metallic strip thermo meter
Solid
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27. Temperature Gas Temperature measurement techniques
1. Change in dimensions
Gas thermometer
Gas
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28. Temperature
Temperature measurement techniques
2. Change in electrical resistance of materials
Variation in temperature results change in electrical conductivity of conductors (metals). Example: RTD
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29. Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
2. Change in electrical resistance of materials
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30. Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
2. Change in electrical resistance of materials
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31. Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
2. Change in electrical resistance of materials
Variation in temperature results change in electrical conductivity of semi conductors. Example: thermistor, diode, integrated circuits.
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32. Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
2. Change in electrical resistance of materials
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33. Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
3. Change in the intensity and colour
All bodies above absolute zero temperature emit radiation wave length and colour depends upon its temperature. Example: optical pyrometer
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34. Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
3. Change in the intensity and colour
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35. Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
4. Thermo electric emf
An emf generated across the terminals of a thermocouple is function of junction temperature. Example: thermocouple, thermopile.
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36. Temperature Temperature measurement techniques 4. Thermo electric emf
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37. Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
5. Change in chemical phase of certain materials
Fusible materials consist of crystalline solids. When heated, a temperature will be reached in which the solids change sharply to a liquid. Example: crayons, pellets
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38. Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
5. Change in chemical phase of certain materials
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39. Temperature Temperature measurement techniques
5. Change in chemical phase of certain materials
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40. Time
The fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event.
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41. Time Or
A non spatial continuum that is measured in terms of events which succeed one another from past through present to future.
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42. Time
The second (symbol: s) (abbreviated s or sec) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units. Second is duration needed for a cesium-133 atom to perform 9,192,631,770 complete oscillations.
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43. Time 1. Sundials and Obelisks
One type of shadow clock consisted of a long stem with five variable marks and an elevated crossbar which cast a shadow over those marks. It was positioned eastward in the morning, and was turned west at noon.
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44. Time
2. Hour glass
An hourglass (sandglass, sand timer, sand clock, egg timer) measures the passage of a few minutes or an hour of time. It has two connected vertical glass bulbs allowing a regulated trickle of material from the top to the bottom. Once the top bulb is empty, it can be inverted to begin timing again.
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45. Time
3. Clepsydra
A water clock or clepsydra is a timepiece in which time is measured by the regulated flow of liquid into (inflow type) or out from (outflow type) a vessel where the amount is then measured.
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46. Time
4. Candle clock
A candle clock is a thin candle with consistently spaced markings (usually with numbers), that when burned, indicate the passage of periods of time.
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47. Time
5. chronometer
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48. Time 6. Quartz Oscillators
A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits.
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49. Time
7. Atomic Clocks
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50. Time
7. Atomic Clocks
Atomic clock, type of clock that uses certain resonance frequencies of atoms (usually cesium or rubidium) to keep time with extreme accuracy. The electronic components of atomic clocks are regulated by the frequency of the microwave electromagnetic radiation. Only when this radiation is maintained at a highly specific frequency will it induce the quantum transition (energy change) of the cesium or rubidium atoms. In an atomic clock these quantum transitions are observed and maintained in a feedback loop that trims the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation; like the recurrent events in other types of clocks, these waves are then counted.
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51. THE END
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K L U