1. Dependence Categories Identification
Drugs
Dependence
Categories
Identification

2. Psychological Dependence
Characteristic of all types of drug use
Conditioned use of a drug caused by underlying emotional needs

3. Physical Dependence
Certain types of drugs produce physiological changes
Discontinuing their use causes withdrawal
Symptoms of withdrawal: vomiting, chills, cramps, convulsions, hallucinations

4. Types of Drugs Narcotics Hallucinogens Depressants Stimulants
“Club Drugs”
Anabolic Steroids

5. Narcotics Used to relieve pain by depressing the CNS Analgesic effect
Most narcotics are opiate derivatives
Examples include morphine, heroin, fentanyl, codeine, among others

6. Synthetic Opiates Cannot be naturally derived from opium
OxyContin – for chronic pain – time released- active ingredient oxycodone
Methadone – methadone maintenance programs

7. Hallucinogens Cause a high degree of alteration of: Mood Attitude
Thought Processes
Perception

8. Marijuana THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) gives hallucinogenic properties
Long term use – “amotivational syndrome”
Medicinal use –Marinol (Dronabinol) for chemo patients

9. Other Hallucinogens LSD – derived from ergot – a type of fungus
Swiss chemist – Albert Hofmann in 1943
Feelings of anxiety, tension, flashbacks, psychotic “breaks”
PCP – phencyclidine
“garage” labs
Initially induces strength and feelings of detachment
Schizophrenia, suicidal thoughts, severe depression

10. Depressants
Slow down the CNS:
breathing
heart rate
reaction time

11. Alcohol Most widely used and abused drug CNS depressant
$40 billion business generated per year
Alcohol Intoxication patterns vary –
Low dose
Moderate dose
Alcohol poisoning

12. Barbiturates Relax, produce sleep Commonly called “downers”
Suppress vital functions of the CNS
5 most common in medicine in US: phenobarbital, secobarbital, amobarbital, pentobarbital, butabarbital
Quaaludes – methaqualone – non-barbiturate sedative

13. Antipsychotics/ Antianxiety Drugs
Considered depressants
Differ from barbiturates
Produce relaxation without higher order thinking impairment or inducing sleep
Antipsychotics such as Thorazine (Chlorpromazine) can help mental patients with tension and/or anxiety

14. Antianxiety Drugs
Librium, Xanax and Valium (brand names of some antianxiety drugs available by prescription)
In the past 45 years tranquilizer use has grown dramatically
Psychological and physical depedency

15. Stimulants Speed up the CNS
Increase in alertness, less fatigue, loss of appetite
Cause apprehension, restlessness, irritability, depression
Common stimulants include, but are not limited to:
Amphetamines
Cocaine

16. Amphetamines Synthetic drugs Induces strong psychological dependence
Some examples: Adderall(actually a 4 drug compound), Dexedrine, Ritalin

17. Cocaine
Medicinally used as an anesthetic – 4% cocaine solution used during ocular surgery
Illegally “sniffed”, “snorted” and absorbed through the mucus membranes
Crack – coke mixed with baking soda and water, made into a solution that dries and then is “cracked”.
Smoked

18. “Club Drugs” Ecstasy (a hallucinogen)
GHB and Rohypnol – CNS depressants associated with assault, rape, robbery
Ketamine – veterinary use
Methamphetamine

19. Anabolic Steroids
Synthetic compounds chemically related o testosterone
Abused by athletes to increase performance – current research…
Liver cancer, liver malfunctions, infertility, decreased sex drive, angry, destructive behavior

20. Identification of Drugs
Evidence contains the active drug ingredients of unknown origin as well as additives
The analytical process chosen must positively identify the drug
Qualitative vs. Quantitative testing

21. Tests
Color tests – color changes when brought into contact with specific testing agents
Microcrystalline tests – a reagent is added to a small amount of the drug on a microscope slide. Resultant crystalline structures are characteristic of specific drugs
Chromatography
Mass Spectroscopy Spectrophotometry

22. Watch the Spiders on Drugs Video.