1. Cold War and the Third World

2. What is the “Third World” ?
The developing nations of Africa, Asia and Latin America, generally less economically advanced

3. What happened between 1946 and 1960 in the Third World?
37 new countries emerged
Blue represents 1st World
Red 2nd world
Green 3rd World
Today called Core and Periphery (Haves and Have nots)

4. Why did third world countries become a new cold war battleground?
Gaining independence from colonial rule
Not loyal to communism or democracy

5. US Interests Why? Natural resources Markets for US products
Containment
Allies to defend against Communism
Conditions perfect for communism

6. Eisenhower and Dulles
Self determination of developing world = Revolutions directed by Soviet Union
Revolutions would result in communist nations throughout the Southern Hemisphere
Eisenhower and Dulles believed that emerging nations quest for self-determination (self rule) was really revolutions directed by the Soviet Union

7. Why was it difficult to win loyalty?
Third World Views
Why was it difficult to win loyalty?
Just got rid of one outside ruler, no desire for another
Resentment of US wealth
US often sides with wealthy in emerging nations, not the common people
Support regimes that are anti-communist, but not in the best interests of the people. Often dictatorial and oppressive

8. What methods did the US use to win loyalty of the 3rd World?
Foreign Aid
Schools
Farming
Medical Care
CIA

9. CIA Powers Presidential Action without Congressional Approval
Unlimited Spending
Prop up European Democracies
Covert Operations
Assassinations
Bribery of Public Officials
Secret Armies

10. CIA and IRAN CIA’s first attempt to overthrow a government
Shah – young and insecure
Problem – Iranian hatred of British owned Anglo-Persian Oil Company

11. Who steps forward to lead?
Dr. Mohammad Mossadeg
1951 becomes Prime Minister
Nationalizes Oil Fields

12. British Reaction? Refuse payment offer Shut down refineries
Stop buying Iranian Oil
Convince others to do same
*Iran’s economy slips toward bankruptcy

13. CIA Operation
Eisenhower believes Iran perfect breeding ground for communism
Orders CIA Agent Kim Roosevelt to overthrow Mossadeg

14. What isAJAX Get rid of Mossedeg – He has Oil
Bring Shah back – He’s ally of US
CIA and Shah’s men clash with Mossedeg supporters
400 dead or injured
Mossadeg surrenders

15. What are the results of the CIA Plot?
Shah returns
Oil Companies split profits with Shah
Plants seeds of Iranian hatred of US

16. Egypt declares Independence from Britain
War in Egypt
What happens in 1953?
Egypt declares Independence from Britain

17. What does Egypt Demand? Control of Suez Canal from British
75% of Western Europe’s oil shipped through canal
$25 M in annual profits from tolls
General Nasser

18. US Tries to Influence Egypt
US offers loan to build dam
Egypt makes arms deal with Soviets
US cancels loan
Egypt seizes canal
Israel, Britain, France invade Egypt to capture canal
US calls for UN resolution condemning attacks
Eisenhower and Dulles fear action will drive middle east into Soviet camp and threaten vital oil resources.
Without US support US, GB, FR and Isreal pull out

19. Results of Suez Incident?
Suez Canal returned to Egypt
Opened Middle East to Soviets
Revealed weaknesses in Western Europe & Pulled U.S. deeper into Middle Eastern Affairs
Eisenhower Doctrine - US promises economic and military aid to pro-Western governments
Soviets side with Egyptian nationalist and eventually built Nassars Dam
Revealed weaknesses in Western Camp – before US could try and work out a solution to the crisis – FR,GB, Israel invade

20. U.S. and Latin America
U.S. Companies Control more than $7B in natural resources
Strip economies of wealth and profits
Masses live in poverty

21. U.S. in Cuba U.S. Control 90% of Cuban mines, ranches & oil
U.S. Controls 50% sugar crop
U.S. Control 3 million acres of Land

22. Cuban Revolution 1952 Fulgencio Batista overthrew Cuban government
1958 Castro leads group of peasants and middle class Cubans in revolt

23. Castro Demands control of American properties U.S. Refuses
Castro turns to Soviets for economic help
1961 Castro Seizes all American business and signs trade agreement with USSR

24. Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 CIA plot to overthrow Castro
Secret force of anti-Castro Cubans lead invasion
(La Brigada)
Land at Bay of Pigs
Boats hit coral reefs
Kennedy cancelled air support
All forces killed or captures
American Plot exposed - Kennedy looks weak

25. Operation Mongoose? Interrupt Cuban Trade Raids by Exiles
Plot to overthrow Castro
Invasion of Cuba

26. Cuban Missile Crisis October 14, 1962
U-2 Spy Plan discovers Soviet Missiles in Cuba
Missiles capable of reaching U.S.

27. Kennedy Options Negotiation – ruled out Bombing Missile Sites
Invading Cuba
Naval Blockade

28. Kennedy announces to Americans
October 22, 1962
Naval Blockage of Cuba
U.S. at Brink of War

29. Cuban Missile Crisis Khruscheve agrees to remove missiles
US must agree never to attack Cuba
Soviet Union demands removal of US missiles from Turkey

30. Cuban Missile Results
Embarrassment for Khrushchev - looses power replaced by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964
Kennedy – gains power and prestige
US and USSR admit importance of negotiation: Hot Line installed
Nuclear Arms race continued to escalate but in 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Signed
Cuba remained Communist – America left it alone

31. Explain the significance of two U. S
Explain the significance of two U.S. actions that caused the Cuban Missile Crisis
Describe one event that led to the escalation of the crisis
Explain the impact on U.S.- Soviet relations