1. Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase
Chapter 10
Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase
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Pericles
Ruled B.C.E.
High point of Athenian democracy
Aristocratic but popular
Massive public works
Encouraged cultural development
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Greek Colonization
Population expansion drives colonization
Coastal Mediterranean, Black Sea
Sicily (Naples: “Neapolis,” new city)
Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles)
Anatolia
Southern Ukraine
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4. Classical Greece and the Mediterranean Basin, 800-500 B.C.E.
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5. Effects of Greek Colonization
Trade throughout region
Communication of ideas
Language, culture
Political and social effects
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The Delian League
Poleis create Delian League to forestall more Persian attacks
Led by Athens
Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean expansion
Resented by other poleis
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The Peloponnesian War
Civil war in Greece, B.C.E.
Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta
Athens forced to surrender
But conflict continued between Sparta and other poleis
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Kingdom of Macedon
Frontier region to north of Peloponnesus
King Philip II (r B.C.E.) builds massive military
350 B.C.E., encroaches on Greek poleis to the south; controls region by 338 B.C.E.
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Alexander of Macedon
“Alexander the Great,” son of Philip II
Rapid expansion throughout Mediterranean basin
Invasion of Persia successful
Turned back in India when exhausted troops mutinied
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10. Alexander’s Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E.
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11. The Hellenistic Empires
After Alexander’s death, competition for empire
Divided by generals
Antigonus: Greece and Macedon
Ptolemy: Egypt
Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid empire
Economic integration, intellectual cross-fertilization
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The Antigonid Empire
Smallest of Hellenistic empires
Local dissent
Issue of land distribution
Heavy colonizing activity
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The Ptolemaic Empire
Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires
Established state monopolies
Textiles
Salt
Beer
Capital: Alexandria
Important port city
Major museum, library
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The Seleucid Empire
Massive colonization of Greeks
Export of Greek culture, values as far east as India
Bactria
Ashoka legislates in Greek and Aramaic
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15. Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean Basin
Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and grapes
Colonies further trade
Commerce rather than agriculture as basis of much of economy
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16. Panhellenic Festivals
Useful for integrating far-flung colonies
Olympic Games begin 776 B.C.E.
Sense of collective identity
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Patriarchal Society
Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutes
Limited exposure in public sphere
Sparta partial exception
Sappho
Role of infanticide in Greek society and culture
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Slavery
Scythians (Ukraine)
Nubians (Africa)
Chattel
Sometimes used in business
Opportunity to buy freedom
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The Greek Language
Borrowed Phoenician alphabet
Added vowels
Complex language
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20. Science and Mathematics
Use of observable evidence, rational thought
Thales predicts eclipse, 28 May 585 B.C.E.
Democritus, atoms
Pythagoras, systematic approach to mathematics
Hippocrates, human anatomy and physiology
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Socrates ( B.C.E.)
The Socratic method
Student: Plato
Public gadfly, condemned on charges of immorality
Forced to drink hemlock
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Plato ( B.C.E.)
Systematized Socratic thought
Republic
Philosopher kings
Theory of Forms or Ideas
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Aristotle ( B.C.E.)
Student of Plato
Broke with theory of Forms or Ideas
Emphasis on empirical findings, reason
Massive impact on western thought
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Greek Theology
Polytheism
Zeus principal god
Religious cults
Eleusinian mysteries
The Bacchae
Rituals eventually domesticated
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Tragic Drama
Evolution from public presentations of cultic rituals
Major playwrights (fifth century B.C.E.)
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripides
Comedy: Aristophanes
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