1. The REPRODUCTIVE System
Unit 6
Reproductive System

2. Functions of the Reproductive System
Production of offspring
Gamete
A sex cell
Female gamete = egg (oocyte)
Male gamete = sperm
Gonad
An organ that produces gametes
Female gonad = ovary
Male gonad = testes

3. Functions of the Reproductive System
Produce hormones to help in the maturation process
Female sex hormone = estrogen
Male sex hormone = testosterone

4. Structures of the Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina

5. The Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Located in the pelvic cavity
Oval shaped about the size of an unshelled almond
Each contains about 200,000 tiny egg sacs called follicles
Each follicle contains an immature egg

6. Ovaries- Function Produce eggs
Called immature follicles and were actually produced before the female was born
Approximately 400,000 were produced, but only around 500 eggs reach maturity

7. Ovary Functions-cont. Ovarian Cycle
Due to the influence of hormones such as estrogen, an egg will mature each month following puberty
The follicle containing the egg will move to the surface of the ovary
The follicle then breaks releasing the egg in a process called ovulation
The egg then moves into the ovarian tube where it can be fertilized

8. Ovary Function –cont. Secondary Sex Characteristics
Characteristics associated with the female that are not directly linked to the production of offspring
Breasts development
Broadened pelvis
Body hair
Increased body fat
Produce the hormone estrogen which regulates the reproductive system and is responsible for formation of female secondary sex characteristics

9. Uterine Tubes Location Structure
Extend from (but not attached to) ovary to the uterus
Structure
The ovary side has a funnel-shaped opening to receive the egg
The other end is attached to the uterus
Cilia lining the tube create a current that helps draw the mature egg into the tube. Also helps to move the egg through the uterine tubes to the uterus.
Transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus
Transport the sperm to the egg
Site of fertilization

10. Uterus
Inverted pear-shaped organ located in pelvis above the urinary bladder
Three sections:
The fundus (top), body or middle section, and the cervix (connects to the uterus)
Three layers:
Perimetrium (outside), myometrium (middle), and endometrium (inside lining)
A fertilized egg implants in the endometrium. If implantation does not occur, the endometrium will deteriorate and is lost during menstruation.
Functions
Menstruation
Development of the embryo/fetus
Aids in expulsion of the fetus during labor

11. Vagina
Fibromuscular tube connecting the uterus to the outside of the body
Vaginal orifice (opening) is located between the urethra and the anus
Functions
Passageway for menstruation
Female copulatory organ
Birth canal during the delivery of the fetus

12. Structures of the Male Reproductive System
Testes
Scrotum
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Prostate Gland
Urethra

13. Testes Located in the scrotum
Made up of small, coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules where sperm are made
Can produce sperm throughout adult life of the male (beginning at puberty) at the average rate of 30 million sperm per day

14. Testes Function Production of sperm Production of testosterone
Stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male

15. Male Secondary Sex Characteristics
Body hair
Muscle development
Deep voice
Broadening of shoulders
Narrowing of hips

16. Scrotum Loose, muscular sac that holds the testes
Hangs from the base of the penis
Function
Encloses and protects the testes
Maintains a constant temperature about 2 to 3 degrees below normal body temperature for optimal sperm production

17. Epididymis 2 coiled tubes about 20 feet long
Comma shaped organ posterior and superior to each testes
Function
Site of sperm maturation
Provides temporary storage area for sperm

18. Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
2 muscular tubules extending from the epididymis through the abdomen to the urethra
Function
Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

19. Seminal Vesicle Paired glands on posterior wall of urinary bladder
Produce 60% of semen, hormones, fructose, etc.
Activate sperm (leading to motility)

20. Prostate Gland
Plum shaped gland located inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra
Function
Secretes a large amount of alkaline fluid that helps increase sperm motility and neutralizes the acidic vagina

21. Urethra
Tube that leads from the urinary bladder through the prostate gland
Surrounded by the penis
6-8 inches in length
Function
Passageway for sperm
Passageway for urine

22. Diseases and Disorders
Reproductive System

23. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Severity of symptoms may vary
Physical, psychological, and emotional symptoms related to a woman’s menstrual cycle
Symptoms are usually predictable and occur regularly during the two weeks prior to menses
Symptoms may vanish after menstrual flow starts, but may continue even after the flow has begun

24. PMS Most common symptoms include Abdominal bloating Acne Cramping
Breast tenderness
Itching of the breast
Stress or anxiety
Depression
Appetite changes & food cravings
Sleep problems
Joint & muscle pain
Headache
Fatigue
Acne
Tenderness of the breasts
Irritability and anger

25. PMS Treatment includes Aerobic exercise
Reduced caffeine, sugar, and sodium
Increase fiber
Rest/sleep
Hormonal therapy
Anti-inflammatory drugs

26. Endometriosis Presence of the endometrium outside of the uterus
Seems to be caused by the backflow of menstrual blood
Symptoms include very painful periods, heavy periods, chronic abdominal pain, and infertility
Controlled by birth control pills
Surgery to remove the tissue from organs, or hysterectomy

27. Breast Cancer
Second only to lung cancer for leading cause of death in women due to cancer
Can also occur in men
There are no early symptoms so annual check ups are vital
Risk factors include:
Genetics
Exposure to radiation
High fat diet
Having the first baby after age 30
Generally found with routine breast self exams and mammograms
Treatment includes lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemotherapy and radiation

28. Cervical Cancer Cancer that begins in the cervix
Usually caused by human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
From sexual contact
Other causes include smoking, having multiple sex partners, or women who have had sex with men who have had multiple partners.
Lack of regular pap smears can also be considered a cause since early stages have no symptoms

29. Cervical Cancer Symptoms None Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Increased vaginal discharge
Pelvic pain
Pain during intercourse
Treatment
Surgery
Radiation
chemotherapy

30. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Abnormal growth of prostate cells, but the condition is not cancerous
Prostate undergoes abnormal growth and presses against the urethra and bladder
Interferes with the normal flow of urine
Cause
Age
Treatment
Surgery
medications

31. Testicular Cancer About 7,500 men in the USA are diagnosed each year
Occurs most often in men ages 15 to 39
Most common cancer in men between ages 20 to 34
Most testicular cancers are found by men themselves
Symptoms include lump or swelling in the testicle, and feeling of heaviness in scrotum
Treatment is removal of the testicle

32. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
Illness having significant probability of transmission between humans by means of sexual contact
A person may be infected and may potentially inffect others without showing signs of disease
Best way to prevent is abstinence before marriage and fidelity after
Most can be treated with medication

33. Careers
Geneticist: a consultant and also a physician who evaluates, diagnoses, and manages patients with hereditary conditions or congenital malformations, genetic risk calculations, and mutation analysis, as well as refer patients to other medical specialties.
Salary: Genetic counselors: $69,540, Biochemists/biophysicists (including research geneticists): $91,960, Physicians and surgeons: $194,990
Master's degree or doctoral degree

34. Careers
Obstetrician / Gynecologist (OB/GYN): physician who specializes in the female reproductive system and childbirth.
Med school plus 4 years of residency training
salary ranges from $200,000 to $339,738

35. Careers
Mammographer: medical professional who works with patients and operates the equipment that produces images of breasts for medical diagnosis and detection of problems
-Education: 2-year associate's degree or 4-year bachelor's degree in an accredited radiology program
-Salary: $37,060 and $77,160

36. Careers
Proctologist: Physician who deals with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon
Med School plus four to five years in a general surgery residency, as well as colorectal surgery, followed by a year or more in a specialized fellowship
average annual income of $389,700 in their sixth year of practice

37. Careers
Certified nurse midwife: advanced practice registered nurses who provide counseling and care during pre-conception, pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period
Median salary is $70,000
Complete a nationally accredited program and then pass the national certification exam. Almost all programs require applicants to hold a bachelor’s degree. The majority also require that applicants be a registered nurse (RN)