1. Read the Current Issues Update on page 2 Page 3
Physical Landscape
Read the Current Issues Update on page 2
Page 3

2. Write Down the Physical Landscape Keys
Page 3
Write in your notebook
Cascade Mountains
Columbian Plateau
Glaciation
Mount St. Helens
Palouse Hills
Volcanic Eruptions

3. The Physical Landscape
Read overview on page 3
The Pacific Northwest Today
Idaho, Oregon, and Washington
Very physically diverse

4. The Columbian Plateau
The PNW largest and most extensive physical landform
Its bordered by the Rocky Mountains in the east and the Cascade Mountains in the west
Basalt forms the plateau
Basalt is cooled lava rock
See Page 9 for a picture

5. The Cascade Mountains
The mountain range that goes from Southern British Columbia through Northern California
Averages 6,000 to 8,000 feet in elevation
It has many volcanos including:
Mt. Rainier, Mt. St. Helens, Mr. Adams, Mt. Hood, etc.
Read Violent Eruptions on page 13

6. The Ring of Fire
The PNW is located in a worldwide zone of frequent volcanic and earthquake activities called
THE RING OF FIRE (not to be confused with the Lord of the Rings)
The Ring of Fire surrounds the Pacific Ocean
In 1980 Americans in the PNW felt this ring….

8. Assignment Read pages 14 – 19
The 19th and 20th Century Eruptions through The Postscript

9. Volcanoes
What people were the first to report about volcanic activity?
Read The Love Triangle on page 17
In the early 20th century what was the belief about the major volcanoes?
How do you determine what a century is? What is the 20th century?
When there were warnings what were the people’s response?

10. Mount St. Helens
Geologists believe that Mt. St. Helens has had at least 14 lava eruptions
Average: one every 100 years

11. The Awakening What caused the awakening? Things that were happening:
Increased Earthquake Activity
Minor Ash Plumes
Small eruptions that occurred almost daily
Was their alarm?
The region’s inhabitants enjoyed the media attention

13. The Bulge
What was the bulge?
What did Washington’s governor do?

14. The Eruption
What happened during the eruption?

15. The Devastation
Fish, waterfowl, birds, and wildlife were suffocated, crushed, or cremated
Forests were blown down and snow was melted
The Toutle River rose 60 ft and caused a lahar (mudflow)
Destroyed nearly 300 homes and nine bridges
57 dead
Nearby cities received 3 to 6 inches of ash

16. Volcanic Eruption in 1980

17. Glaciation Glaciation is what?
Shaped the landscape through weathering, ice, water, and wind erosion
Formed by advancing and receding
Formed things like the Palouse Hills, San Juan Island, etc.

18. The Palouse Hills Located in southeastern Washington and western Idaho
Formed by glaciation and wind erosion
They are made up of glacial till
A mixture of unsorted sediment
This sediment became soil called loess
Loess is extremely fertile soil

19. The Palouse Hills Ctn. The hills are very productive for crops like:
Barley
Wheat
Oats
Green Peas
Soil made up of loess is very rare

20. Chapter 2
Natural Environment
Read Pg. 28

21. Keys to Understanding
Copy these key words and their definitions in your notebooks from page 29 (All of the vocab words)
Alluvial Soils
Coniferous Forests
Highland Climate
Leaching Process
Rainshadow Effect
Semiarid Climate
Steppe Grasslands
West Coast Marine Climate

22. Some Reading Page 29 – page 31 - Overview
Draw the Humid and Arid Climatic Realms picture in your notebook
Definitions:
Climate – The average atmospheric conditions of a geographic area over an extended period of time
Weather – The existing atmospheric conditions in a particular place at a certain time

23. In Class Assignment
Describe each of these climates types in two sentences:
What are the climates like?
Where are they located in the PNW?
West Coast Marine – Pg
Highland – Pg. 42
Semiarid – Pg
Humid Cont. – Warm Summer – Pg. 40
Humid Cont. – Hot Summer – Pg. 41

24. The Rainshadow Effect Pg. 32 – Read together 6 Contributing Factors
Draw out the Rainshadow Effect in your notes
6 Contributing Factors
The 3 Major Mountain Barriers
The Coastline of the Pacific Ocean
Air masses over land heat and cool more rapidly than air masses over water bodies
Water evaporated into the atmosphere will condense to liquid water again
Warm air rises and cold air sinks
Cold air is more dense than warm air and cannot hold as much moisture

25. The PNW’s Resources and Inhabitants
Pg 43

26. Vegetation What did you have written?
The Western Side of the Cascades:
Tall dense evergreen forests
The Eastern Side of the Cascades:
Semiarid or steppe grasslands
Many native plants and introduced plants

27. Population Clusters What do you have written?
The majority of people live:
Eastern Puget Sound Lowlands
Willamette River Valley
Spokane Area
Yakima River Valley
Tri-Cities Area
Hard to keep the areas wildlife habitats preserved

28. Resources What types of resources does the PNW have? Forestry
Agriculture
Mining

29. Nature’s Forests What state is the leading lumber producer?
What is the third leading lumber producer?
What are conifer trees?
What are deciduous trees?
What types of these trees have been planted?

30. Nature’s Grasslands
Major sections of the Columbia Plateau and the Basin Region are without forests
Steppe Grasslands
Found in areas with MORE than 10 inches of rainfall
Found in Palouse Hills – extremely fertile
Scrub-steppe grasslands
Normally dry, brown, and desolate
Irrigation has turned it into a productive agricultural region

31. Upcoming Events Assignment for tomorrow: Test on the horizon
Read pages 49 – 52, Soils through the end of chapter 2
Test on the horizon
Over chapters 1 and 2
KNOW THE VOCAB

32. Soils Generally reflect the climate and vegetation of the area
Soils are a mixture of minerals, organic materials, water, and air

33. Soil Profiles “A” horizon (topsoil) “B” horizon (subsoil)
“C” horizon (parent rock)

34. Soil Vocabulary and Techniques
Leaching
Happens in areas with heavy rain
The minerals in the top soil become part of the water that is pulled downward through the soil by gravity
Chemical Eluviations
Opposite of leaching, happens in areas with little rain
Minerals are carried upward through the soil horizons to the surface by evaporation

35. Pacific Northwest Soils
Inceptisols
Found on mountains
Moist and in areas with lots of rainfall
Generally have lots of conifer trees
Ultisols
Foothills of mountains
Lots of rain and conifer trees
Lots of leaching

36. Pacific Northwest Soils Ctn.
Mollisols
Covers largest area
Have a lot of scrub-steppe vegetation
Very productive when irrigated
Aridsols
Found in very dry areas
Very light in color
Sparse vegetation

37. El Fin
Lewis and Clark video next week
Kahoot next week
Test next week