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How to be a Counter-Reformation Saint/Heretic
Period general – early modern Lecture 8 Simon Ditchfield
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Who used the word, when (and why)?
Problem of labels 1 Who used the word, when (and why)? Protestant – one of those princes and cities who at the Diet of Speyer in 1529 protested in favour of innovations in religion (i.e.Lutheranism) Calvinist – coined in 1553 by enemies to describe the followers of Calvin who were prepared to put to death another non-Catholic (Michael Servetus) Anglican – first used by James VI & I in 1598 when he was trying to persuade the Church of Scotland how unenthusiastic he was about the Church of England
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Problem of labels 2 A saint…. (eventually) Heretic/Hero
(Giordano Bruno, ) A saint…. (eventually) Camillo de Lellis ( )
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Definitions Saint Heretic Dead person Public reputation for sanctity
Performer of miracles Subject to legal trial Officially recognised by papally constituted authorities Enjoys universal veneration Heretic Living (or dead) Public reputation for irreligion Performer/subscriber/sayer of beliefs that conflict with orthodoxy Subject to legal trial If unrepentant or lapsed, given over to the ‘secular arm’ to be killed If an author, his works placed on Index of Prohibited books
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Enforcing orthodoxy Inquisitions Confession Box
(Sp. 1478; Port. 1536; Roman 1542) Confession Box (introduced from 1570s)
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Saint-making
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Tomb of St Philip Neri (d.1595)
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Missionary (Francis Xavier)
Roads to sanctity 1 Founder (Ignatius Loyola) Missionary (Francis Xavier)
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Pastor (Charles Borromeo)
Roads to sanctity 2 Pastor (Charles Borromeo) Charitable activity (Vincent de Paul)
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Roads to sanctity 3 - mystics
Rose of Lima Joseph of Cupertino
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Legal procedure Congregation of Rites (1588)
Congregation of the Index (1571)
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Canonization procedure reformed
Urban VIII (pope, )
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Hierarchy of sanctity Beatification Canonization
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Older cults (San Gennaro)
Counting the saints A saint factory? Older cults (San Gennaro)
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Heretic-making
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Witholding of absolution
Ways of making you talk Witholding of absolution In the Confessional Threat of torture
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Iberian inquisitions Burning of heretics Auto-da-fe
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An Inquisitorial manual
Roman Inquisition Trial of Giordano Bruno ( ) An Inquisitorial manual
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Case study: Domenico Scandella (1532-99)
The Book The author (b.1939)
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