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An Industrial Society, 1860–1914
The growth of industry and big business changes the nation. Smokestacks from factory in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (about 1890s). NEXT
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An Industrial Society, 1860–1914 SECTION 1 The Growth of Industry
Railroads Transform the Nation SECTION 3 The Rise of Big Business SECTION 4 Workers Organize NEXT
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The Growth of Industry Section 1
The growth of industry during the years 1860 to 1914 transforms life in America. NEXT
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The Growth of Industry The Industrial Revolution Continues 1
SECTION The Growth of Industry The Industrial Revolution Continues • Drilling for petroleum (oily liquid) spurs oil industry • Several factors cause industry, factory production to spread in U.S.: - plentiful natural resources - growing population - improved transportation Chart Continued . . . NEXT
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- government assistance
1 SECTION continued The Industrial Revolution Continues • Several factors cause industry, factory production to spread in U.S.: - high immigration - new inventions - investment capital - government assistance NEXT
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1 SECTION The Business Cycle • Business cycle—period of good, bad times for industry, business Chart • During good times, called booms, people buy, invest more • During bad times, called busts, people spend, invest less • U.S. experiences harsh depressions in 1873, 1893 • Despite depressions, U.S. industry grows (1860–1900) NEXT
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Steel: The Backbone of Industry
1 SECTION Steel: The Backbone of Industry • Bessemer steel process—new steel-making method, uses less coal • Cuts cost of steel, U.S. steel output increases 500 times (1867–1900) • Begin making many products, including rails for railroads, from steel NEXT
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Edison and Electricity
1 SECTION Edison and Electricity • Generators—machines that produce electric current • Thomas Edison opens lab (1876) invents devices that use electricity • Receives over 1,000 U.S. patents • Makes safe, steady light bulb, soon part of NYC has electric lighting Image NEXT
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Bell and the Telephone 1 • Samuel Morse develops the telegraph (1835)
SECTION Bell and the Telephone • Samuel Morse develops the telegraph (1835) • Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone (1876) Image • Shows telephone in Philadelphia at Centennial Exhibition, June (1876) • Centennial Exhibition—exhibition celebrates 100th birthday of U.S. NEXT
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Inventions Change Industry
1 SECTION Inventions Change Industry • Telephone industry grows, 50,000 telephones sold by 1880 • Switchboard allows more people to connect into telephone networks • Christopher Latham Sholes invents first practical typewriter (1867) Image • Elias Howe invents sewing machine, increases store-bought clothes • Granville T. Woods patents devices to improve telephone, telegraph • Margaret Knight invents machines for packaging, shoemaking NEXT
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Railroads Transform the Nation
Section 2 Railroads Transform the Nation The railroads tie the nation together, speeds industrial growth, and changes U.S. life. NEXT
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Railroads Transform the Nation
2 SECTION Railroads Transform the Nation Deciding to Span the Continent • U.S. wants transcontinental railroad—spans entire continent • Two companies build transcontinental railroad: - Central Pacific builds railroad east from California - Union Pacific builds railroad west from Nebraska • Railroad companies sell land given to them by government, raise money • Union Pacific lays first rail, July (1865) NEXT
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2 SECTION Building the Railroad • Central Pacific hires thousands of Chinese to work railroad • Chinese are efficient, hard working, fearless, healthy • Union Pacific hires mostly former soldiers, freed slaves, immigrants NEXT
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Railroads Tie the Nation Together
2 SECTION Railroads Tie the Nation Together • Central Pacific workers lay 690 miles of track • Union Pacific workers lay 1,086 miles of track • Central Pacific, Union Pacific railroads join (May 10, 1869) Image • Union Pacific-Central Pacific line 1st transcontinental railroad • By 1895, 4 more U.S. lines are built across the country NEXT
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2 SECTION Railroad Time • Before railroads, each community determines its own time • Use “solar time” based on calculations about sun’s travels • Problematic for people traveling by train across time zones • Railroad companies set up standard time—divides U.S. into 4 time zones Map • Congress adopts standard time in 1918 NEXT
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Economic and Social Changes
2 SECTION Economic and Social Changes • Railroads change people’s lives in many ways: - links the economies of the West and East - help people settle the West - weakens the Native American hold on the West - gives people more control of the environment NEXT
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The Rise of Big Business
Section 3 The Rise of Big Business Business leaders guide industrial expansion and create new ways of doing business. NEXT
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The Rise of Big Business
3 SECTION The Rise of Big Business The Growth of Corporations • Corporation—investors own part of business through shares of stock • A corporation has many advantages over privately owned businesses: - raise a lot of money by selling stock - has special legal status, banks more likely to loan money - limits risks to investors • Few U.S. laws regulate corporations, a few big corporations dominate NEXT
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The Oil and Steel Industries
3 SECTION The Oil and Steel Industries Map • John D. Rockefeller dominates the oil industry • Andrew Carnegie controls the steel industry • Rockefeller creates monopoly—wipes out competitors, controls industry • Creates trust—legal body, has stock in companies, often in 1 industry • Trusts formed in other industries, government slow to regulate • Rockefeller seen as robber baron—dishonest business leader Continued . . . NEXT
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• Andrew Carnegie beats competition by making better, cheaper steel
3 SECTION continued The Oil and Steel Industries • Andrew Carnegie beats competition by making better, cheaper steel • Buys mines that supply his iron ore, buys ships, railroads that ship ore • Rockefeller, Carnegie are philanthropists—give much money to charities NEXT
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3 SECTION The Gilded Age • Success of multimillionaires makes others believe they can grow rich • Horatio Alger writes stories about poor boys becoming successful • In reality, most people who make millions start with advantages • For rich, late 1800s was a time of fabulous wealth • Writers name era the Gilded Age: - age has surface glimmer of wealth - hides societies’ problems NEXT
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The South Remains Agricultural
3 SECTION The South Remains Agricultural • In South, industry grows in certain areas • Birmingham, Alabama, develops iron, steel production • Cotton mills open from southern Virginia to Alabama • South remains mostly agricultural, often land rented to sharecroppers • Sharecroppers make little money, struggle to break free of debt NEXT
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Workers Organize Section 4
To increase their ability to bargain with management, workers formed labor unions. NEXT
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Workers Organize Workers Face Hardships 4
SECTION Workers Organize Workers Face Hardships • Business owners run factories as cheaply as possible: - some require workers to buy own tools, bring coal to heat factories - others refuse to buy safety equipment • Use sweatshops—places where workers labor long hours, low pay • Factory, sweatshop work boring, barely earn enough to pay debts Image • Labor unions—groups of workers negotiate for better conditions, pay NEXT
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4 SECTION Early Unions • Knights of Labor—federation of workers from different trades • U.S. has economic depression (1873), many workers take pay cuts • West Virginia railroad workers strike with no union (1877) • Workers in many cities, other industries join strike, mob violence • Strike ends in 2 weeks, workers take pay cuts • Railroad workers, Knights of Labor strike (1884–1885), win NEXT
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4 SECTION Union Setbacks • Socialism—all members of society are equal owners of all businesses • Anarchists—want to abolish all governments • Business, government fear unions spread socialism, anarchy • Try to break unions, hire strikebreakers, replace striking union members • Haymarket affair—union leaders, police clash, several are killed Image • Many union leaders, socialists, anarchists are arrested NEXT
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The Homestead and Pullman Strikes
4 SECTION The Homestead and Pullman Strikes • Andrew Carnegie reduces pay in steel mills, Homestead, Pennsylvania • Union workers strike, fight with guards, 10 dead, strike collapses • Pullman Company cuts pay, does not reduce rent for workers’ housing • Union president Eugene V. Debs starts Pullman Strike Image • Pullman Strike—workers do not handle Pullman cars • Rail traffic halts, U.S. troops end strike, Debs is jailed NEXT
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4 SECTION Gompers Founds the AFL • Procter & Gamble gives workers more time off, starts profit-sharing • Union leader Samuel Gompers helps start organization of unions (1886) • Organization of unions is called American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Using strikes, negotiations, AFL wins better working hours, pay NEXT
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