1. Topics Eukaryotes from Prokaryotes
Aspects of diversity – Ecology and economy
Early classification
New classification – 5 Eukaryotic Super Groups - Clades
Major representatives of 5 super groups

2. Position of Protista in Biodiversity
Ch. 26 – Protists
Ch 23 -p. 478 & 481.
Position of Protista in Biodiversity

3. How did Eukaryotes evolve?
Ch. 26 – Protists
p. 536
How did Eukaryotes evolve?

4. Kingdom - Protista Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular and aquatic
Ch. 26, Protists pp
Kingdom - Protista
Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular and aquatic
Some - colonial (loosely connected cells)
Some - simple multicellular bodies without “specialized tissues”
Very diverse informal Kingdom – diverse in structure, locomotion, reproductive strategies, nutrition, life styles, habitats, life histories etc.
Three conventional groups
Protozoa
Algae
Water molds and slime molds

5. Ch. 26, Protists pp
Diversity
Structure: Number of nuclei, types of organelles, cell surfaces
Locomotion: Amoeboid, cilliary, flagellar, combined
Reproduction: Mostly asexual, sexual too (syngamy)
Nutrition: Algae - mostly photoautotrophic, others - saprobic, heterotrophic, facultatively heterotrophic
Lifestyles: Free living, symbiotic (mutualism, commensalism,
parasitism), pathogenic
Habitats: Fresh water, marine, planktons, damp terrestrial
Life Histories: Polyphyletic group

6. Five monophyletic eukaryote groups
Ch. 26, Protists
p. 537.
Five monophyletic eukaryote groups
Protists are a complex polyphyletic group related to several
other kingdoms – ultrastructural and molecular data help classify.
Study 26-1 table (p.542)

7. Excavates Deep (excavated) oral groove Zooflagellates Dipolomonads
Ch. 26, Protists p
Excavates
Deep (excavated) oral groove
Zooflagellates
Dipolomonads
Giardia intestinalis –
backpacker’s diarrhea
Parabasalids
Euglenoids
Trypanosomes
Trypanosoma brucei
African sleeping sickness
Mytochondria - atypical -
anaerobic - glycolysis only

8. Ch. 26, Protists pp
Chromalveolates
Alveolates - dianoflagellates, apicomplexans and ciliates
Stramenopiles - water molds, diatoms, golden algae and brown algae

9. Plasmodium life cycle Ronald Ross Both parasite and
Ch. 26, Protists pp
Plasmodium life cycle
Ronald Ross
Both parasite and
vector – now
resistant to drugs &
pesticides
Chloroquine and
other drugs used
together
Spore-forming parasites of animals
Malaria - Plasmodium falciparum - The most prevalent serious disease in the world
Proliferates in the liver and RBCs
Has developed drug resistance

10. Water molds – has a mycelium like in fungi – Phytophthora spp.
Ch. 26, Protists pp
Water molds – has a mycelium like in fungi – Phytophthora spp.
Diatoms (Bacillariphyta), golden algae (Chrysophyta) and Brown algae (Phaeophyta) – most are biflagellate one with hair-like projections
Discuss ecological and economical significance

11. Ch. 26, Protists pp
Rhizarians

12. Archaeplastids
Ch. 26, Protists pp
Double membrane bound chloroplasts and molecular similarity
Red algae – (Rhodophyta) food, food thickeners, agar
Green algae – (Chlorophyta) chl. a, b and carotenoids –
ancestors of land plants

13. Unikonts Amoebozoans – amoebas and slime molds – pseudopods
Ch. 25, Protists pp
Unikonts
Amoebozoans – amoebas and slime molds – pseudopods
Entamoeba histolitica – cyst
forming human parasite –
amoebic dysentery
Opisthokonts
Choanoflagellates, fungi and
animals - posterior single flagellum
or no flagellum
Chonoflagellates – ancestors of
animals