1. OBJECT ORIENTED CONCEPTS
Chapter 2

2. Introduction
In the real world, there are many individual objects all of the same kind. There may be thousands of cars, all of the same make and model. Each car was built from the same set of blueprints and therefore contains the same components.
In object-oriented terms, we say that your car is an instance of the class of objects known as cars.
Many objects can be instantiated from a single class.
Therefore a class is an abstract descriptor for a set of instances.

3. Class
A class is the blueprint from which individual objects are created
These objects have similar characteristics (common structure, common behaviour, common relationship and common semantics).
Semantics is a set of rules that specify the meaning of syntactically legal construct in a programming language.
Classes are sometimes referred to as entity classes or model class  

4. Class
For example,
a Car class may be used to represent the common state (e.g., make, model, colour, mileage, etc...) and behaviour (e.g., start, stop, changeGear, turn etc...) between all car objects
a 2DShape class may represent common state (e.g., centerPoint, lineWidth) and behaviour (e.g., calculateArea, calculatePerimeter)  for 2D shapes.

5. Class CLASS : Car ATTRIBUTES Make Model Number of doors Engine size
Another Example
ATTRIBUTES
Make
Model
Number of doors
Engine size
Colour
METHODS
Stop
Turn
Accelerate
brake

6. TASK 1
List out the classes that you think are involve in the Student Information System?

7. CLASS
Class table/notation is used to model the static structure of a system which is based on data
it contains the name of class, attributes and methods
Class name
(singular)
List of attributes
List of methods

8. Class Class name A class Car represented in class notation. attributes
make
model
doors
bodyLength
engineSize
colour
speed
stop()
turn()
accelerate()
brake()
Class name
A class Car represented in class notation.
attributes
methods

9. Implementation in Java
The following codes implements a class car (it is just a blueprint that might be used in an application) :
class car {
String make = “ “;
String model = “ “;
int doors=0;
int bodyLength = 0;
int engineSize = 0;
String colour = “ “;
int speed = 0;
void accelerate(int increment) {
speed = speed + increment; }
void brake(int decrement) {
speed = speed - decrement; } }

10. Implementation in Java
The following carDemo class will creates 2 car objects and invoke their methods: class carDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { // Create two different car objects car car1 = new car(); car car2 = new car(); // Invoke methods on those objects car1.accelerate(50); car2.brake(20) ; }

11. Objects
Software objects are conceptually similar to real-world objects
They too consist of state and related behavior.
An object stores its state in fields (variables in some programming languages) and exposes its behavior through methods (functions in some programming languages)
attributes – they know things
behavior (methods) - they do things

12. Objects
object of the same type will have an identical set of attributes
Attributes of one object may contain different data values from those of another object.

13. Objects
Object can be considered as a container for a set of data and the operation that need to be performed on it.
Properties are :
It has a unique identity for the lifetime of the object
Its data is in the form of a set of attributes, each has a value at any given point in time.
A set of methods can be performed on the data
It is an instance of a class

14. Objects Example - CLASS: car
An instance (object) of the class car refers to a specific vehicle eg. Mercedes, Honda, BMW, Toyota

15. ATTRIBUTES Attributes are data items that define a class
They are features/properties that help describes the system

16. TASK 2
List the attributes necessary for the class student

17. CLASS & OBJECTS Car BJ1132: car KN1123: car A Car class Car objects
make
model
doors
bodyLength
engineSize
colour
speed
stop()
turn()
accelerate()
brake()
BJ1132: car
make=‘Ford’
model=‘Falcon’
doors=4
bodyLength=300
engineSize=6
colour=‘red’
speed=0
stop()
turn()
accelerate()
brake()
KN1123: car
make=‘Toyota’
model=‘Corolla’
doors=5
bodyLength=200
engineSize=4
colour=‘white’
speed=100
stop()
turn()
accelerate()
brake()
A Car class
Car objects
Class Notation
Object Notation/diagram

18. CLASS & OBJECTS There are 4 different types of methods/behaviour :
Constructor methods – executed each time an instance of the class is created. Often used to initialise attributes.
Mutator methods – methods which allow other objects to set or change the value(s) of an object attribute(s). This method begins with the word set e.g. setName.
Accessor methods – methods which allow other objects to query the value(s) of a n object attribute(s). This method begins with the word get e.g.getName.
Other methods – normally used to perform more complex operations e.g. calculation, validation

19. CLASS & OBJECTS
Tips :
To find class/objects/attributes, read the problem definition for nouns and noun phrases. (Not all nouns in the problem statement are vital to the solution)
To identify methods, look at the verbs that describe the actions performed by the nouns

20. CLASS & OBJECTS Example:
A program is required to process the employee pay. The employee data is read from a file. For each employee, compute the employee’s monthly pay and then print a report containing their detail together with their pay. The input file contains the employee number, pay rate, the number of hours worked and the overtime hours worked in a week. Assuming the overtime rate rate is 1.5 times the standard rate.
Analyzed the above problem.

21. CLASS & OBJECTS EmployeePay empNumber payRate hoursWorked overtimeHrs
Listing the attributes

22. CLASS & OBJECTS Example:
A program is required to process the employee pay. The employee data is read from a file. For each employee, compute the employee’s monthly pay and then print a report containing their detail together with their pay. The input file contains the employee number, pay rate, the number of hours worked and the overtime hours worked in a week. Assuming the overtime rate rate is 1.5 times the standard rate.
Analyzed the above problem.

23. CLASS & OBJECTS EmployeePay empNumber payRate hoursWorked overtimeHrs
readData()
printDetail()
calcPay()
printPay()
Listing the methods