1. Government
Current: Bambang Yudhoyono

2. Social policies:

3. Religion: 90% muslim, religious fundamentalism can determine a womans rights depending on location. State control and religious control often blurred. Ramadan is used by government as a time to raise social/moral slogans that construct norms and control society

4. Kartini – aristocrat fought for womens right to education whilst under Dutch colonial rule. Now a national icon. Education important to women as can give women a public life and can provide tools to challenge stereotypes. BUT school as a state institution also reinforces stereotypes…

5. Stereotypes: Women are encouraged to follow “Kodrat” – biologically determined roles for men and women. Under the nationalist and neo-liberal President Suharto (was was toppled by revolution in 1998) Womens “kodrat” means aiming to be “first a wife, then a mother, then a manager, then finally a member of society. Her public life is therefore much less important than her domestic life.

6. “Perek” is the equivalent to slut
“Perek” is the equivalent to slut. It means “experimental woman” – this is a term given to young women who reject “kodrat” in favour of some degree of sexual autonomy, professional independence and public life. It is a negative term insinuating a woman has “loose values”, is consumerist, pro-western and sexually out of control!

7. The strict gender binary of a traditional and collectivist society like indonesia can be a burden to those who identify outside of the “norm” such as LGBTI people and women who reject both “kodrat” and the stereotypes of being “perek” – westernised, consumerist and sexually adventurous.

8. Born that way: Fans of U. S
Born that way: Fans of U.S. pop star Lady Gaga prepare to perform a flash mob at a shopping mall in Jakarta, Indonesia, Sunday, May 27, Lady Gaga cancelled her sold-out show in Indonesia after Islamist hard-liners threatened violence, claiming her sexy clothes and provocative dance moves would corrupt the youth.(Jakarta Post)