1. ENTOGNATHA

2. Hexapoda Insecta Pterygota Neoptera Holometabola Apterygotes
Entognatha
Archaeognatha
Hexapoda
Zygentoma
Ephemeroptera
Insecta
Odonata
Plecoptera
Embiodea
Pterygota
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Grylloblattodea ?
Mantophasmatodea
Orthoptera
Phasmatodea
Blattaria
Isoptera
Mantodea
Neoptera
Psocoptera
Phthiraptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Rhaphidioptera
Megaloptera
Neuroptera
Hymenoptera
Holometabola
Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Diptera
Apterygotes
Strepsiptera
Trichoptera
Paleoptera
Lepidoptera
Hemimetabolous
Holometabolous

3. Relationships among Hexapoda
Collembola
Entognatha
Protura
Diplura
Hexapoda
Archaeognatha
Insecta
Thysanura
Pterygota

4. What makes an entognathan an entognathan??
mandibles - moncondylic
antennae - muscles on all segments
gnathal pouch

5. What makes an entognathan an entognathan??
Ametabolous development
Can be:
epimorphic or anamorphic
Same number of segments on each moult
Segment added on each moult

6. Phylogeny of the Entognatha
Antennae
Springing mechanism
No cerci
Collembola (springtails)
Protura
Entognatha
No antennae
No springing mechanism
Diplura
Cerci

7. Hexapod Orders Diplura Diplo - two, ura - tails Number of Species
ca. 800
Common names
coneheads, diplurans
Typical habitats
Moist, cool areas - soil, leaf litter, moss
Distinguishing characteristics
mouthparts recessed in a pouch
cerci
eyeless
small (about 1.5 cm)
indirect mating - stalked spermatophore
epimorphic development
Other features

8. Hexapod Orders Protura Proto - first, ura - tail Number of Species
ca. 500
Common names
None - proturans
Typical habitats
Moist, cool areas - soil, leaf litter
Distinguishing characteristics
mouthparts recessed in a pouch
no cerci
anamorphic development
small (< 2 mm)
walk with forelegs held aloft
eyeless
Other features

9. Hexapod Orders Collembola Coll - glue, embol - wedge or peg
Number of Species
> 6000
Common names
springtails, snow fleas
Typical habitats
Variable - soil, leaf litter, moss, aquatic
Distinguishing characteristics
mouthparts recessed in a pouch
no cerci
epimorphic development
small (2 - 3 mm)
spring mechanism
collophore
can have up to 50 adult moults
Other features

10. Collembola - Features
Collophore

11. Collembola - Features
Spring - Jumping Mechanism
retinaculum
furca

12. Collembola - Features
Spring - Jumping Mechanism
furca
(cross section)
retinaculum

13. Collembola - Features