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Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – A review Rui Ferreira, Paula Castilho 5 th CQM Annual Meeting, February.

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Presentation on theme: "Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – A review Rui Ferreira, Paula Castilho 5 th CQM Annual Meeting, February."— Presentation transcript:

1 Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – A review Rui Ferreira, Paula Castilho 5 th CQM Annual Meeting, 01-03 February 2018, University of Madeira

2 Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – a review 2 http://cqm.uma.pt Content  Marine oils  Lipids  Fatty acids  Extraction and determination of Lipids  Organic solventes extraction  SFE-CO 2  Preparation of derivatives of fatty acids (FAMEs)  GC-FID analysis of FAMEs  Identification and quantification of FAMEs

3 Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – a review 3 http://cqm.uma.pt Marine oil: it´s a fishy business ! Eicosapentaenoic acid EPA (C20:5n-3) Docosahexaenoic acid DHA (C22:6n-3) Fish waste and fish oil rich in PUFAs

4 Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – a review 4 http://cqm.uma.pt Lipids: “fatty acids and their derivatives, which have in common a ready solubility in organic solventes” Fatty acyls Glyceroglycolipids Glycerophospholipids Sphingolipids Sterol lipids Prenol lipids Lipid Simple or homolipids Triacylglicerols Cholesterol esters Wax esters Complex or heterolipids Glycerophospholipids Glyceroglycolipids Shingolipids Derived compouds FA Steroids Terpenes Carotenoids

5 Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – a review 5 http://cqm.uma.pt Fatty acid: Fundamental building blocks of lipids Hydrophobic even-numbered straight carbon chain with a methyl group terminus at one end and a hydrophilic carboxyl terminus at the other CH 3 CHCH 2(n) COOH Hydrogenated oils, butter, tropical oils LDL cholesterol, cardiovascular diseases Fluids/liquid oils, fish oil LDL cholesterol, Partially hydrogenated oils, margarine, LDL cholesterol, cardiovascular diseases, Type II diabetes

6 Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – a review 6 http://cqm.uma.pt Fish by products In situ transesterification of FA into FAMEs Lipid ExtractionSaponification Esterification of FA into FAMEs Organic solvent or SFE-CO 2 Non lipid contaminants, cell debris Dilute aqueous ethanolic alkali Non-polar hydrocarbons, alcohols, sterol and glycerol Anhydrous methanol, acid/base catalyst Gylcerol, excess methanol, acid/base catalyst FAME Extraction Non-polar organic solvent Anhydrous methanol, acid/base catalyst Non-polar organic solvent Quantification by GC-FID

7 Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – a review 7 http://cqm.uma.pt Organic solvent extraction methods: Parameters: polarity index; Hansen solubility parameter; volatility Folch et al. (1957) CHCl 3 : MeOH 2:1 Bligh and Dyer (1959) CHCl 3 : MeOH: H 2 O 4:2:1 Soxhlet (1879) Cyles of evaporation/condensation AOCS Standard Procedure Am 5- 04 Accelerated solvent extraction Pressure > 20 MPa Temperature > 200 o C CH 2 CL 2 ; C 6 H 6 Disadvantages: use of vast amounts of potencial toxic and carcinogenic solventes Slow process

8 Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – a review 8 http://cqm.uma.pt SFE – CO 2 Potencial to replace organic solvent extraction At supercritical conditions, CO 2 acquire gas-like low viscosity and liquid- like density Enables sucessful extraction of thermally sensitive lipids without degradation. Low toxicity; low flamability and lack of reactivity Low affinity for polar compounds (phospholipids; glycolipids) alcohol as a co-solvent/polar modifier

9 Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – a review 9 http://cqm.uma.pt Acid catalysed esterification of FA Acid catalysed transesterification of lipids Base catalysed transesterification of lipids Derivatization agent: MeOH:HCl; MeOH:H 2 SO 4 ; MeOH: BCl 3 Derivatization agent: MeOH:CH 3 ONa; MeOH: CH 3 OK

10 Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – a review 10 http://cqm.uma.pt GC- FID analysis of FAMEs Free FA FAMEs by boiling point FAMEs by degree of unsaturation n-3/n-6 FAMEs resolution Separation of geometric cis/trans isomers Column: Low to medium polarity fused silica coated with bonded polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 20M; Omegawax) Injector and oven: Spilt injection Temperature programing setting FID: high sensitivity and sensitivity, wide linear range

11 Determination of total lipids as Fatty Acids Methyl Esters in marine oil – a review 11 http://cqm.uma.pt Identification and quantification of FAMEs Comercial standard FAME Mix Relative Retention Time/Equivalent chain length (ECL) Relative Response Factors (RRF) IS: odd chain FA that does not occur naturally (C13:0; C17:0; C19:0)

12 Acknowledgements 12 http://cqm.uma.pt PTNMR-2014 RNEM-2014 PEst-OE/QUI-674/UI0674/2014

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