1. Unit title: The Cardiovascular and Respiratory System
Lesson Objective: - To describe the role and characteristics of artery’s veins and capillaries

2. The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system involves the heart, the blood vessels and the blood.
Think, pair, share: What does the heart do? Why is this important to sports people?

3. The Cardiovascular System overview
Up to 2 minute

4. Blood Vessels
When the blood leaves the heart it is transported around the body in three main types of blood vessels:
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

5. Arteries Type: Role: Characteristics: Arteries
To carry oxygenated blood at high pressure away from the heart through the aorta.
Contain blood under high pressure
Thick muscular walls

6. Veins Type: Role: Characteristics: Veins
To carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from all over the body.
Contain blood under low pressure which contains waste products
Thinner walls than arteries
They have valves to prevent a backflow of blood

7. Capillaries Type: Role: Characteristics: Capillaries
Small blood vessels that link the arteries to the veins and allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through their walls.
Only one cell thick
They are exchange points where oxygen and carbon dioxide cross into the tissue cells

8. Blood Vessels
Task: Copy each statement down into your book and decide whether the following statements are about veins, arteries or capillaries.
Their role is to carry oxygenated blood at high pressure away from the heart through the aorta
They have valves
Their role is to link arteries to the veins and allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through their walls
They contain blood under pressure
Their role is to carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
The do not have valves
They have thin walls
They are microscopic vessels (only one cell thick)
They carry blood under high pressure
They have thick muscular, elastic walls
They are found in muscles and lungs

9. Blood during exercise
Task: What do you think happens to our blood flow during exercise? Why does this happen? (Answer in page 4 of the workbook)

10. The redistribution of blood during exercise
During exercise, blood flow to the muscles increases to meet the increase in oxygen demand. This redirection of blood flow to the areas where it is most needed is known as a vascular shunt.

11. The Cardiovascular System
The heart operates a double circulatory system in which blood flows through the heart twice.
Pulmonary Circulation – This is blood flow between the heart and the lungs. The pulmonary artery takes the blood to the lungs where it is oxygenated.
Systemic Circulation – This is blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body (excluding the lungs) and then back to the heart.

12. DO NOW: Write down the title and date and complete the question
The Double Circulatory System
DO NOW: Write down the title and date and complete the question
Lo:
To describe the pathway of blood through the double circulatory system

13. Right Atrium Pulmonary artery Pulmonary Vein Right Ventricle
Key Words for todays lesson:
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Oxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Vein
Aorta
Vena Cava
Most of the words are in pairs. It is important that you know each of the key words
Even though there are10 key words- Most of them are in pairs. By the end of todays lesson you will know every word on the board

14. By the end of the lesson:
Red= Deoxygenated blood
Blue= Oxygenated blood
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Semi-lunar Valve
Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery
Body
Lungs
Aorta
Pulmonary Vein
Teacher: By the end of todays lesson you will be able to explain the pathway of blood through the double circulatory system.
You will be able to say ‘The deoxygenated blood goes from the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary artery to get oxygenated. From the lungs the oxygenated blood goes through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium and down to the left ventricle. From here the oxygenated blood gets pumped all around the body to the working muscles through the aorta. Because the muscles need oxygen, the oxygenated become deoxygenated and is returned to the right atrium through the vena cava to get oxygenated again.
Semi-lunar valve
Left Ventricle
Bicuspid Valve
Left Atrium

15. Aorta
Vena Cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Vein RA LA
Left atrium
Right atrium RV LV
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle

16. R L LA RA
Remember:
Atriums are at the top and ventricles are at the bottom as A (atrium)comes after V (ventricles) LV RV
LO: To know the 4 chambers of the heart

17. The Double Circulatory System
Pulmonary System
Systemic System
The double circulatory system consists of the Pulmonary system and systemic system
You will need to know the and the pathway of blood for each system

18. Copy into your books
Veins- Takes blood to the heart
Artery's- Takes blood AWAY from the heart
Pulmonary System-
This involves the transportation of blood between the heart and the lungs
1) From the right ventricle the pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood from the of the heart to the lungs
2) In the lungs, the blood gets oxygenated (oxygenated blood) and carbon dioxide is released
3) The oxygenated blood goes through the pulmonary vein back the the left atrium

19. Pathway of the blood – Pulmonary system
Copy into your books
Pathway of the blood – Pulmonary system
Right Atrium
(De oxygenated)
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Semi-lunar Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Left Atrium
Pulmonary Vein
Lungs

20. OXYGENATED Pulmonary artery Pulmonary Vein LA Left atrium RV
I do stage. Teacher to explain the pathway
Right Ventricle

21. OXYGENATED Pulmonary artery Pulmonary Vein LA Left atrium RV
We do stage. Teacher to explain the pathway with student help
Right Ventricle

22. 1) Blood is pumped from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta
Copy into your books
Systemic System-
This involves the transportation of oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart
1) Blood is pumped from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta
2) The oxygenated blood is then transported to the rest of the body
3) The deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the vena cava into the right atrium

23. Pathway of the blood – Systemic system
Left Atrium
(oxygenated blood)
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Semi-lunar valve
Aorta
Body
(blood becomes deoxygenated)
Right Atrium
Vena Cava

24. MUSCLES DEOXYGENATED Aorta Vena Cava RA LA Right atrium RV LV
I do- Teacher explain the pathway of blood
Left Ventricle

25. MUSCLES DEOXYGENATED Aorta Vena Cava RA LA Right atrium RV LV
We do stage. Teacher to explain the pathway with student help
Left Ventricle

26. Copy down and answer the question below
Consolidation:
Question 1- What is the function of the pulmonary system? (1)
Question 2- What is the function of the systemic system? (1)
Question 3- Describe the pathway of blood through the systemic system (4)
Extension:

27. The structure of the heart
Task: Label the heart in your workbook. Write the information on this page into the GREEN boxes.
Right Atrium
An upper chamber receiving de-oxygenated blood from the body.
Left Atrium
An upper chamber receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs.
Right Ventricle
A lower chamber containing de-oxygenated blood.
Left Ventricle
A lower chamber containing oxygenated blood.

28. The structure of the heart
Aorta
Carries oxygenated blood which is pumped through at high pressure from the heart to the body.
Task: Label the heart in your workbook. Write the information on this page into the BLUE boxes.
Pulmonary Artery
Carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary Vein
Returns oxygenated blood to the heart.
Vena Cava
Returns de-oxygenated blood to the heart.

29. The structure of the heart
Task: Label the heart in your workbook. Write the information on this page into the RED boxes.
Bicuspid Valve
Prevent blood flowing back into the left atrium.
Semi-lunar Valves
Prevent expelled blood flowing back into the heart.
Septum
The wall dividing the left and right sides of the heart.
Tricuspid Valve
Prevent blood flowing back into the right atrium.

30. The Cardiac Cycle
The filling of the heart follows a particular sequence. There are two stages to each heart beat.
Diastole – The heart filling with blood. The heart is relaxing.
Systole – The heart is emptying. The heart contracts.
This process starts in the right side of the heart.

31. Pathway of the blood
Task: In pairs on your whiteboard can you correctly write the route that the blood takes out of the heart and then around the body. Start with the Right Atrium. You must include the following terms:
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Tricuspid valve
Semi lunar valves
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta
Vena Cava
Lungs
Body
Extension: Can you highlight where the blood becomes oxygenated and where it becomes deoxygenated?

32. Pathway of the blood
Task: Watch the following video and tick off your process as it plays out.

33. Pathway of the blood Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle
Semi-lunar Valve
Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery
Body
Lungs
Aorta
Pulmonary Vein
Semi-lunar valve
Left Ventricle
Bicuspid Valve
Left Atrium

34. The role of red blood cells
Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles and removes carbon dioxide from the muscles to the lungs.
They contain haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. These cells carry oxygen to the working muscles. Without these cells performers would fatigue and stop.
Task: How do red blood cells help a sports performer? Choose one of the sporting examples to the right and explain.

35. Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output
Cardiovascular Terms
Heart Rate: The number of beats per minute. What is your resting heart rate?
Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
Cardiac Output: The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute.
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output

36. Interpreting heart rate data and graphs
Task: View the data in the tables from when Jamie is at rest and exercising. In your workbook describe what the tables tell you. Discuss why these changes have taken place.
Heart rate (bpm)
Stroke volume (ml)
Breathing rate (number per min)
Muscle temperature 64 60 17
Normal
Heart rate (bpm)
Stroke volume (ml)
Breathing rate (number per min)
Muscle temperature
152
140 46
Hot

37. Interpreting heart rate data and graphs
Task: Plot the data shown in the table in your workbook to show how Jamie’s heart rate has changed over time. Label the axes and join up the points to make a line graph. In the box below describe what the graph tells you.
Time (minutes) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Heart rate (beats per minute) 66 80
106
120
140 90

38. Mini Quiz – Cardiovascular System
Task: In your green mini quiz books, without your notes answer the following questions.
State 3 differences between veins and arteries.
What structure divides the heart into two halves?
Where are the tricuspid valves found?
What is the function of valves?
Name the 4 chambers of the heart.
Name the 4 major blood vessels.
Define stroke volume.
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Does cardiac output increase or decrease during exercise? Why?
What is the role of red blood cells?

39. The Respiratory System
The respiratory system involves the lungs and works closely with the cardiovascular system.
Think, pair, share: What is the key function of the respiratory system? Why is this important to sports people?

40. The pathway of air
Oxygen travels along the following pathway from the mouth and nose to the alveoli.
Task: Label the respiratory system in your workbook.
Nose
Bronchi
Mouth
Trachea
Bronchioles
Lungs
Alveoli

41. Gaseous Exchange
Gaseous exchange takes place at the alveoli. These are tiny air sacs in the lungs. When you breathe in they fill with air. This is where oxygen is transferred into the blood stream and carbon dioxide is removed from the blood.
To help this process the body has the following features:
The alveoli are covered in capillaries. Gases pass through the thin walls and into the bloodstream.
A large blood supply. Increased red blood cell content increases the amount of oxygen supplied to the muscles and tissues.

42. Gaseous Exchange
Capillaries are close to the alveoli to the diffusion distance is short.
Alveoli have a large surface area to allow diffusion to take place.
Thin walls (one cell thick) allows quick diffusion.
Gases move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

43. The mechanics of breathing
The process of breathing is aided by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The lungs can expand more during inspiration due to the use of the diaphragm and assisted by the intercostal muscles.

44. The mechanics of breathing
Breathing is the first stage in supplying oxygen to our body cells.
Task: Put these statements into order of what you thinks happens during inspiration (breathing in).
The pressure inside our lungs falls as they expand. The higher pressure of air outside means air is now sucked into the lungs through the nose and mouth.
The diaphragm contracts. It pulls down and flattens out the floor of the rib cage.
The intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs upwards and outwards causing the chest to expand.
The lungs increase in size as the chest expands.

45. The mechanics of breathing
The intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs upwards and outwards causing the to chest expand.
The diaphragm contracts. It pulls down and flattens out the floor of the rib cage.
The lungs increase in size as the chest expands.
The pressure inside our lungs falls as they expand. The higher pressure of air outside means air is now sucked into the lungs through the nose and mouth.

46. The mechanics of breathing
Task: Put these statements into order of what you thinks happens during expiration (breathing out).
The diaphragm relaxes. It is pushed back into a domed position by the organs underneath it.
The pressure inside the lungs increases as they get smaller. The air pressure outside is now lower than in our lungs. Air is forced out of the lungs through the nose and mouth.
The intercostal muscles relax. The ribs move downwards and inwards under their own weight. The chest gets smaller.
The lungs decrease in size as the chest gets smaller. They are squeezed by the ribs and diaphragm.

47. The mechanics of breathing
The intercostal muscles relax. The ribs move downwards and inwards under their own weight. The cheat gets smaller.
The diaphragm relaxes. It is pushed back into a domed position by the organs underneath it.
The lungs decrease in size as the chest gets smaller. They are squeezed by the ribs and diaphragm.
The pressure inside the lungs increases as they get smaller. The air pressure outside is now lower than in our lungs. Air is forced out of the lungs through the nose and mouth.

48. Breathing Rate x Tidal Volume = Minute Ventilation
Respiratory Terms
Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired per breath. This increases during exercise.
Breathing Rate: The number of breaths per minute. This is typically breaths per minute for a healthy adult at rest.
Minute Ventilation: The amount of air a person breathes out in a minute.
Breathing Rate x Tidal Volume = Minute Ventilation

49. Breathing volumes and exercise
Task: View the data in the tables from when Hannah is at rest and then exercising. What changes have taken place and why?
Tidal volume at rest (ml)
Tidal volume during exercise (ml)
500
3500

50. Breathing volumes and exercise
Exercise causes an increase in breathing rate and depth of breathing. This is due to a greater need for oxygen in the body and removal of carbon dioxide.
Tidal volume at rest (ml)
Tidal volume during exercise (ml)
500
3500

51. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
There are two different types of respiration.

52. Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic exercise can be maintained for long periods of time.
It includes activities like walking, jogging, cycling and swimming.
The intensity of exercise is moderate and duration long.
Task: Can you think of your own sporting examples?
carbon dioxide
glucose
+ oxygen
energy +
+ water

53. Anaerobic Respiration
When you exercise at a high intensity, the respiratory system cannot supply enough oxygen to the muscles.
With no oxygen available, glucose is still used but produces energy and lactic acid (this causes fatigue).
It includes activities like sprinting, weightlifting, jumping and throwing.
The intensity of exercise is high and duration short.
Task: Can you think of your own sporting examples?
glucose
energy
+ lactic acid

54. The Cardiovascular and Respiratory System
Task: With a partner discuss what happens to our body during exercise and how you think this would affect the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
The demands of exercise cause changes in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, but each system cannot work without the other.
Task: Can you explain this? How do the systems link?
Key points
When exercising the breathing rate increases so that more oxygen can be inhaled.
However the body can only benefit from this if the heart rate increases to pump the oxygen to the working muscles.
Task: Apply the above statement to a sportsperson of your choice and write it into your workbook.

55. Mini Quiz – Respiratory System
Task: In your work book, without your notes answer the following questions.
What is the name of the muscle located below the lungs that aids inspiration and expiration?
What is the next stage in the pathway of air after the air and mouth?
What is the name of the process where carbon dioxide and oxygen are transferred?
Which type of blood vessel covers the alveoli to allow this to take place?
Define tidal volume.
What happens to breathing rate during exercise and why?
What is the equation for minute ventilation?
Give a sporting example of aerobic respiration.
Give a sporting example of anaerobic respiration.
Would a weightlifter be exercising aerobically or anaerobically?

56. 6 Mark Question Practice
In your GCSE PE exams you will have to answer two 6 mark questions (1 on each paper). This is the question worth the highest marks. These questions are well known for being answered poorly so it is important to get the structure correct.

57. 6 Mark Question Practice – What to include in your answer
To score highly on these questions you must meet certain criteria and structure your answer in a certain way.
You must demonstrate knowledge and understanding (AO1)
You must apply this knowledge and understanding to sporting examples (AO2)
You must analyse and evaluate the factors that effect performance in sport (AO3)
There are 2 marks available for each of these Assessment Objectives (AO-)

58. 6 Mark Question Practice – Your Turn!
Using practical examples, explain what is meant by aerobic and anaerobic exercise. (6)
The structure of your answer should be:
A short introduction that addresses the question and introduces your answer.
Three paragraphs – state your point showing your knowledge and understanding (AO1), provide a relevant sporting example (AO2) and explain how this analyse/evaluate performance in sport (AO3) (How does it help performance? How would performance be effected without it?)
A conclusion that summarises your answer and makes reference to the question again.
15 minutes
End