1. Excretory, endocrine, Lymphatic/immune, & Reproductive systems Booklet pgs.25-28

2. Excretory system Function: rid the body of wastes
Structures : Kidneys, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
Other Organs:, Skin, Liver, Lungs
Wastes removed:
Water
Salt
CO2
Urea (nitrogen compounds)

3. Excretory System Diagram
Ureters-ducts by which urine passes from the kidneys to the bladder
Urethra – duct by which urine exits the body

4. Kidneys Principal organ of the Excretory System
Nephron – filtering unit of kidney
Remove wastes from blood
Maintain blood pH
Regulate water content of blood which affects blood volume (main component of blood is water)
Filters all of your blood every 45 minutes

5. Kidney disorders
Kidney stones – small, hard deposits made of Ca, Mg, or uric acid salts
Very painful to pass due to small diameter of ureters and urethra in comparison to size of stone
Treatment – pulverized by ultrasound waves

6. dialysis
Blood is removed from the body through a tube inserted in the arm and pumped through specialized tubing that acts as nephrons.
Tiny pores in the tubing allow salts & small molecules to pass through
Filtered blood then returns to the body

7. Endocrine system
Function: produces hormones that control growth, development, & metabolism; maintains homeostasis
Structures:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries (female)
Testes (male)

8. Endocrine system
Hormones – chemicals that your body uses to communicate
Glands – the main structures that secrete hormones
What is the difference between the Endocrine & Exocrine glands?
Endocrine – release chemicals into the bloodstream or body tissues (adrenal glands; pituitary glands)
Exocrine – release chemicals through ducts to the outside of the body (salivary glands; sweat glands)

9. Endocrine system

10. Endocrine Glands Thyroid : regulates metabolism
Adrenal: releases hormones (Adrenaline) that help the body deal with stress
Pancreas: releases insulin and glucagon to maintain blood sugar levels
Ovaries: produce female reproductive hormones Estrogen & Progesterone
Testes: produce male reproductive hormones Testosterone

11. Endocrine Glands continued

12. Lymphatic & immune system
Function: protects body from disease, fights infection
Lymphatic puts plasma back into the circulatory system
Structures: White Blood Cells, Thymus, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, & Lymph Vessels

13. immune system

14. immune system First Line of Defense: to keep pathogens out of the body
Structures responsible: Skin, Mucus, Sweat, Tears
Second Line of Defense: inflammatory response (#9 in booklet)
Tissues become swollen and painful
nonspecific response to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

15. immune system
Phagocytes: white blood cells (WBC) that engulf and destroy specific pathogens
Antibodies: proteins made by B Cells that recognize and bind to antigens
Antigen: substance that triggers the immune response

16. immune system
Fever: raising in body temperature; beneficial because many pathogens can only survive within a narrow temperature range
Antibiotics vs Vaccinations:
Antibiotics - compounds that kill bacteria without harming body cells
Vaccinations – prevent infection from pathogens (injection of weakened or killed pathogen)

17. immune system
B Cells: provide immunity to specific antigens and pathogens (they make antibodies); Humoral immunity
T Cells: provide immunity against abnormal cells and pathogens living inside our cells (recognize pathogen and attack); Cell-mediated immunity

18. B Cells vs. T Cells

19. Reproductive system
Function: produce and deliver gametes (sex cells); continuation of the species
Females – produce the ova, nurture & protect embryo
Males – produce sperm
Structures:
Males: testes, vas deferens, and penis
Females: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus

20. Reproductive system Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction Asexual – Sexual –
1 parent
offspring are genetically identical to parent
Examples – Budding in Hydra, Fragmentation in Sponges
Sexual –
2 parents
Offspring genetically different from parents (diverse)
Examples – reproduction in humans

21. Reproduction in Mammals
Monotremes:
Lay eggs
Example - Platypus
Marsupials:
Give birth to live young very early and develop in a pouch
Example - Kangaroo
Placental:
Nourishment comes from mother’s bloodstream
Example - Humans

22. Male Reproductive system
Testes remain in the scrotum outside the body to keep them cool
Sperm are produced in the testes
Sperm move to the vas deferens to exit the body

23. Female Reproductive system
Function: to produce ova and nourish developing embryo
Ovulation - occurs when the egg is ready to be fertilized , only once a month
Ovulation lasts 3 – 4 days
Unfertilized egg leads to menstruation
Fertilized egg leads to pregnancy
Menstrual Cycle: after ovulation, the lining that was prepared for the embryo is shed and released from the body