1. JDS International Seminar 2017
The Impact of Tenure Security to the Livelihood Development of Forest Dependent Communities in Zaw Gyi Reserved Forest, Southern Shan State, Myanmar
Presenter: Su Myat Mon ( )
Supervisor: Prof. MASUDA Misa
School of Life and Environmental Science

2. Content Introduction Objectives Study Site Methodology Findings
Conclusion
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3. Introduction
Forest Dependent People can be defined in three key dimension;
focus on Forest
focus on Dependent
focus on People (Newton et al. 2016)
People who is living inside the forested areas and extracting the forest products for subsistence and cash income.
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4. Introduction cont’d
Forest area in Myanmar accounts for 42.92% of the country’s land area. (FRA 2015)
In order to ensure the sustainable forest management, 30% of the country’s land area is targeted to gazette as a Reserved Forest under National Forest Policy (1995).
24.79% of the land area has been gazette and managed by the Forest law.
The remaining forested areas are under weak government control and gradually becoming de facto open access.
Highly forested areas –
hilly regions,
remote from the government services.
Encroachment happens in the reserved forest area which account 4% .
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5. Research Question and Objectives
What are the conditions of livelihood for the rural people inside the forested area?
Which factors drive the dependency on the forest resources?
How can these factors be integrated in the sustainable forest management?
Objective: To improve the livelihood of the forest dependent people by understanding the linkage between land use, resource utilization, livelihood development for the community based forest management.
To study the current livelihood conditions in the study area
To identify the factors affecting the forest dependency.
To estimate the potential land expansion in the study area.
and highly depend on the land and natural resource to make their livelihood.
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6. Study Site Location Latitudes = 20° 50 to 21° 45 North
Map Source:
Location
Latitudes = 20° 50 to 21° 45 North
Longitudes = 96° 10 to 96° 510 East
Area
Total land area = 2657 km2
Population = 80,882 (Rural population= 95% )
Source: Forest Department( )
YwaNgan Township
North
South
East

7. Study Site cont’d Zaw Gyi Reserved Forest was constituted in 1910.
Two study villages have been situated inside the reserved forest for 100 years ago (Since before the Forest Reservation)
Excluded at the time of demarcation process.
Later expand and encroach by population pressure.

8. Study Site cont’d 9.1km 7.2km 1.5 hours from dam to port by boat
3-4 hours by walk across the streams
Source: Google Earth 11/21/2017

9. Study Site cont’d Village B Village A Village A 3.9 km Village B
Village name
Village A
Village B
No of HH 54 22
Population
235 86
Source: Google Earth 13/1/2018

10. Methodology Site selection (15/9/2017-20/9/2017)
Secondary Data
Key Informant interview
Accessibility (remoteness)
Data collection (23/9/2017-1/10/2017)
Key Informant Interview
Informal Discussion
Questionnaire survey
Data analysis tool
Microsoft Excel 2010
IBM Statistics SPSS 24.
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11. Methodology cont’d Results DATA ANALYSIS
Household characteristics, Livelihood activities, Household income contribution by sectors
Identify the variables and find the relationship with the forest dependency
Analyze the perception on the future livelihood option and solution for the land requirement
Results
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12. Findings
Total Household(HH) N=76
Male respondent 34
44.7%
Female respondent 42
55.3% 76
100
Household Demographic Characteristics of Village A and Village B
Household Characteristics
Unit
Village A
Village B
Total Sample
N=76
HH size #
4.3
3.9
4.1
Age of HH head
years
43.8
42.5
43.15
No. of adult labor 3
2.9
No. of Male adult labor
1.5
1.6
(14< is consider as workable HH member)

13. Finding cont’d Livelihood Options Livestock Agriculture Timber Logger
Timber worker
Wage worker
Other activities
NTFP collection
NTFP = Non-timber forest products
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14. Diversity of Income source % of the total household
Finding cont’d
Diversity of Income source
% of the total household
N=76
Livelihood option
farmer
Livestock
wage
timber worker
timber extraction
NTFP collection
other activities
No. of HH 38 61 46 10 26 11 13
Most of the HH engaged in more than one livelihood activities for income.

15. Finding cont’d
USD
N=76
1 USD= 1360 Kyats(exchange rate at the time of data collection)

16. Household income share by sectors
Finding cont’d
Timber logging +Timber worker + NTFP collection = Forest cash income Firewood collection = Subsistence
Household income share by sectors
N=76
1 USD= 1360 Kyats

17. Finding cont’d Land Holding by Household no land 29 38.2% paddy 37
48.7%
Ya(upland) 2
2.6%
Both land 8
10.5%
N=76
100% 47

18. Finding cont’d
n=47
n=29
Both Landless and Land holding HH highly depend on the forest resource .
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19. Conclusion
Majority of the population have land for cultivation and the primary livelihood activities is farmer.
People have to engage in diverse livelihood activities for the needs.
Although landless HH more rely on the forest income, land holding HH also have to rely on the forest income.
Identify the variables and find the relationship with the forest dependency
Analyze the perception on the future livelihood option and solution for the land requirement
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20. References
Aung, Pyi Soe, Yahia Omar Adam, and Jürgen Pretzsch “Distribution of Forest Income among Rural Households : A Case Study from Natma Taung National Park , Myanmar,” no. November: 37–41. doi: /
Hlaing, Zar Chi, Chiho Kamiyama, and Osamu Saito “Interaction between Rural People ’ S Basic Needs and Forest Products : A Case Study of the Katha District of Myanmar” doi: /2017/
Htun, Theint Theint, Yali Wen, Aye Chan, and Ko Ko “Assessment of Forest Resources Dependency for Local Livelihood around Protected Area : A Case Study in Popa Mountain Park , Central Myanmar.” doi: /ijSci.1176.
Khaine, Inkyin, Su Young Woo, and Hoduck Kang “A Study of the Role of Forest and Forest-Dependent Community in Myanmar.” Forest Science and Technology 10 (4). Taylor & Francis: 197–200. doi: /
Moe, Kyaw Thu, and Junchang Liu “Economic Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products ( NTFPs ) to Rural Livelihoods in the Tharawady District of Myanmar.” doi: /ijSci.904.
Illukpitiya, Prabodh, and John F Yanagida “Farming vs Forests : Trade-off between Agriculture and the Extraction of Non-Timber Forest Products.” Ecological Economics 69 (10). Elsevier B.V.: 1952–63. doi: /j.ecolecon
Newton, Peter, Daniel C Miller, Mugabi Augustine, Ateenyi Byenkya, and Arun Agrawal “Land Use Policy Who Are Forest-Dependent People ? A Taxonomy to Aid Livelihood and Land Use Decision-Making in Forested Regions.” Land Use Policy 57. Elsevier Ltd: 388–95. doi: /j.landusepol
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21. Thank You very much
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22. Study Site Township Map Zaw Gyi Reserved Forest
Source: Forest Department( )